Bronchogenic cyst overview: Difference between revisions

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*[[Hypoesthesia|Numbness]]<ref name="pmid26097578">{{cite journal| author=Zou MX, Hu JR, Kang YJ, Li J, Lv GH, She XL| title=Bronchogenic cyst of the conus medullaris with spinal cord tethering: a case report and review of the literature. | journal=Int J Clin Exp Pathol | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 3937-42 | pmid=26097578 | doi= | pmc=4466965 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26097578  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30702626">{{cite journal| author=Chen F, Marx S, Zhang C, Cao J, Yu Y, Chen D| title=Intramedullary bronchogenic cyst in the foramen magnum region accompanied with syringomyelia: A case report and literature review. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2019 | volume= 98 | issue= 5 | pages= e14353 | pmid=30702626 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000014353 | pmc=6380722 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30702626  }} </ref>
*[[Hypoesthesia|Numbness]]<ref name="pmid26097578">{{cite journal| author=Zou MX, Hu JR, Kang YJ, Li J, Lv GH, She XL| title=Bronchogenic cyst of the conus medullaris with spinal cord tethering: a case report and review of the literature. | journal=Int J Clin Exp Pathol | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 3937-42 | pmid=26097578 | doi= | pmc=4466965 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26097578  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30702626">{{cite journal| author=Chen F, Marx S, Zhang C, Cao J, Yu Y, Chen D| title=Intramedullary bronchogenic cyst in the foramen magnum region accompanied with syringomyelia: A case report and literature review. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2019 | volume= 98 | issue= 5 | pages= e14353 | pmid=30702626 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000014353 | pmc=6380722 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30702626  }} </ref>
==Laboratory findings==
==Laboratory findings==
An elevated serum [[tumor marker|tumor makers]] CA125 and CA19-9, which is usually suggestive of progression/complication.<ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28767594">{{cite journal| author=Wang M, He X, Qiu X, Tian C, Li J, Lv M| title=Retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst resembling an adrenal tumor with high levels of serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9: A case report. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2017 | volume= 96 | issue= 31 | pages= e7678 | pmid=28767594 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000007678 | pmc=5626148 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28767594  }} </ref>
An elevated serum [[tumor marker|tumor makers]] CA125 and CA19-9, which is usually suggestive of progression/complication.
 
==CT==
==CT==
CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of bronchogenic [[cyst]]. The density of bronchogenic [[cysts]] is variable from water density to high density due to blood, anthracotic pigment, increased calcium content, or increased protein content of the fluid. Findings on CT scan suggestive of bronchogenic [[cyst]] is an  
CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of bronchogenic [[cyst]]. The density of bronchogenic [[cysts]] is variable from water density to high density due to blood, anthracotic pigment, increased calcium content, or increased protein content of the fluid. Findings on CT scan suggestive of bronchogenic [[cyst]] is an  

Revision as of 01:59, 14 July 2020

Bronchogenic cyst Microchapters

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Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Bronchogenic cyst from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Interventions

Surgery

Primary Prevention

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Joanna Ekabua, M.D. [2]

Overview

Bronchogenic cyst is a rare benign congenital malformation of the tracheobronchial tree derived from the ventral aspect of the foregut. It most frequently occurs in the middle mediastinum, in the early stages of gestation or in the lungs, at the later stages of gestation. Atypical locations may be explained by its embryologic origin. Patients with bronchogenic cyst may be asymptomatic or present with respiratory distress, increasing stridor, feeding difficulties, chest pain, cough, progressive dysphagia, odynophagia, purulent sputum, dyspnea, anorexia and/orweight loss. Radiologic findings are useful to differentiate bronchogenic cysts from other cysts but may they not always confirm the diagnosis. Diagnosis is confirmed by surgical excision, which is curative, and histological findings of ciliated columnar epithelial lining of the cyst.

Historical Perspective

There is limited information about the historical perspective of bronchogenic cyst.

Classification

Bronchogenic cyst can be classified based on location; pulmonary and extrapulmonary.[1][2]

Pathophysiology

It is thought that bronchogenic cyst is the result of abnormal budding of the ventral portion of the primitive foregut between days 26 - 40 of gestation.

Causes

The cause of bronchogenic cysts is undetermined.

Differentiating Bronchogenic cyst from other Diseases

Differentiating bronchogenic cyst from lung abcess, thymic cyst, and esophageal duplication cysts.

Bronchogenic cyst epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics

There is no racial predilection to bronchogenic cyst. Bronchogenic cyst is slightly more prevalent in men and often remain undetected until the third or fourth decade of life.

Risk factors

There are no established risk factors for bronchogenic cyst.

Screening

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for bronchogenic cyst as it is usually an incidental finding.

Natural history, complications and prognosis

Natural History

The symptoms of bronchogenic cyst usually develop in the third to fourth decade of life and start with symptoms such as

Complication

Common complications of bronchogenic cyst include

Prognosis

Prognosis is generally good,[18] a Morbidity & Mortality rate of 20% has been recorded in older patients treated for bronchogenic cyst.[25]

Diagnostic Study of Choice

Excision and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining.

Diagnostic results

Cillated columar epithelia cells is definitive for broncogenic cyst.[22][23][19][17]

Diagnostic criteria

Cystic mass producing compressive symptoms.

History and symptoms

The majority of patients with bronchogenic cyst are asymptomatic and are diagnosed during investigations for other pathologies.[1][19][26]

When symptomatic, clinical presentation of bronchogenic cyst depends on the age of the patient, size and the location of the cyst.[1][27]

In infants bronchogenic cyst presents with [18][16][28][27][29][30][31]

In children and adults, bronchogenic cyst presents with

Physical examinaton

Physical examination of patients with bronchogenic cyst is usually normal. On rare occasions, the following signs can be seen

Laboratory findings

An elevated serum tumor makers CA125 and CA19-9, which is usually suggestive of progression/complication.

CT

CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of bronchogenic cyst. The density of bronchogenic cysts is variable from water density to high density due to blood, anthracotic pigment, increased calcium content, or increased protein content of the fluid. Findings on CT scan suggestive of bronchogenic cyst is an

  • Cysic mass with air-fluid levels.
  • ovoid and well-defined encapsulated low-density cystic mass with no contrast enhancement.
  • Thin subtle walls.

MRI

MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of bronchogenic cyst. After contrast injection, enhancement of the cyst is frequently absent. Findings on MRI suggestive of bronchogenic cyst include

  • T1-weighted images show ipointense signal
  • T2-weighted images show hyperintense signal.

Ultrasound

ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of bronchogenic cyst. Finding on an ultrasound suggestive of bronchogenic cyst include

Other Diagnostic Studies

Other diagnostic studies for bronchogenic cyst include: Excision and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, which demonstrates ciliated columar epithelia cells is definitive for bronchogenic cyst

Treatment

Medical therapy

The mainstay of treatment for bronchogenic cyst is surgery.

Surgery

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for bronchogenic cyst even when the patients are asymptomatic, a conservative approach is not approved.

Primary prevention

There are no established measures for the primary prevention of bronchogenic cyst.

Secondaryy prevention

There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of bronchogenic cyst.


References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Maier HC (1948). "Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum". Ann Surg. 127 (3): 476–502. doi:10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010. PMC 1513836. PMID 17859095.
  2. 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E (2003). "Bronchogenic cyst". Tex Heart Inst J. 30 (2): 105–8. PMC 161894. PMID 12809250.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Mesland JB, Gérard L, Van Caenegem O, Castanares-Zapatero D (2018). "Bronchogenic cyst infection presenting as pleuropericarditis". BMJ Case Rep. 2018. doi:10.1136/bcr-2018-225081. PMC 6011476. PMID 29895549.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Yildiz H, Reichwein R, Poncelet A, Lacroix V, D'abadie P, Ghaye B; et al. (2019). "An unusual case of cardiac tamponade: Bronchogenic cyst infection due to Salmonella bredeney". J Infect Chemother. 25 (2): 151–153. doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2018.07.012. PMID 30098916.
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  12. 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 Zou MX, Hu JR, Kang YJ, Li J, Lv GH, She XL (2015). "Bronchogenic cyst of the conus medullaris with spinal cord tethering: a case report and review of the literature". Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 8 (4): 3937–42. PMC 4466965. PMID 26097578.
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Lee HD, Han SH, Park SB, Ko Y, Lee KH (2017). "An intradural extramedullary bronchogenic cyst in the thoracolumbar spine: A case report". Medicine (Baltimore). 96 (50): e9263. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000009263. PMC 5815783. PMID 29390371.
  14. 14.0 14.1 14.2 Khawar M, Elmahrouk A, Chaikhouni A (2016). "Air embolism during air flight in a passenger with bronchogenic cyst". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 152 (1): e1–2. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.02.014. PMID 26969135.
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  19. 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Yang X, Zong Y, Zhao HY, Wu YD, Ji M (2019). "Complete excision of esophageal bronchogenic cyst by endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection: a case presentation". BMC Gastroenterol. 19 (1): 155. doi:10.1186/s12876-019-1072-3. PMC 6714396 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31462259.
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