Bacterial meningitis natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
==Natural history==
==Natural history==
If left untreated, the bacterial meningitis may cause severe neurological complications such as altered mental status, cranial nerve palsy, increased intracranial pressure, seizures, brain abcess, herniation of cerebellar tonsil and death. <ref name="pmid8416268">{{cite journal| author=Durand ML, Calderwood SB, Weber DJ, Miller SI, Southwick FS, Caviness VS et al.| title=Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. A review of 493 episodes. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 328 | issue= 1 | pages= 21-8 | pmid=8416268 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199301073280104 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8416268  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8416268">{{cite journal| author=Durand ML, Calderwood SB, Weber DJ, Miller SI, Southwick FS, Caviness VS et al.| title=Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. A review of 493 episodes. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 328 | issue= 1 | pages= 21-8 | pmid=8416268 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199301073280104 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8416268  }} </ref>
If left untreated, the bacterial meningitis may cause severe neurological complications such as altered mental status, cranial nerve palsy, increased intracranial pressure, seizures, brain abcess, herniation of cerebellar tonsil and death. <ref name="pmid8416268">{{cite journal| author=Durand ML, Calderwood SB, Weber DJ, Miller SI, Southwick FS, Caviness VS et al.| title=Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. A review of 493 episodes. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 328 | issue= 1 | pages= 21-8 | pmid=8416268 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199301073280104 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8416268  }} </ref>


==Complications==
==Complications==

Revision as of 20:29, 4 January 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Natural history

If left untreated, the bacterial meningitis may cause severe neurological complications such as altered mental status, cranial nerve palsy, increased intracranial pressure, seizures, brain abcess, herniation of cerebellar tonsil and death. [1]

Complications

Common complications of bacterial meningitis may be divided into common and uncommon complications:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]

Common complications

  • Aletered mental status
  • Papilledema
  • Vision loss
  • Hearing loss
  • Cranial nerve palsies
  • Sepsis
  • Seizures
  • Focal neurological deficit
  • Cerebral infarction
  • Shock
  • Learning disabilities in infants
  • DIC
  • Intracerbral hemorrhage

Uncommon complications

  • Spinal cord infarction
  • Transverse myelitis
  • Multiple brain abscess
  • ARDS
  • Subdural empyema
  • Subdural effusions
  • Ventriculitis
  • Intracranial aneurysm
  • Hydrocephalus

Prognosis

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Durand ML, Calderwood SB, Weber DJ, Miller SI, Southwick FS, Caviness VS; et al. (1993). "Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. A review of 493 episodes". N Engl J Med. 328 (1): 21–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199301073280104. PMID 8416268.
  2. ↑ de Gans J, van de Beek D, European Dexamethasone in Adulthood Bacterial Meningitis Study Investigators (2002). "Dexamethasone in adults with bacterial meningitis". N Engl J Med. 347 (20): 1549–56. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021334. PMID 12432041. Review in: ACP J Club. 2003 May-Jun;138(3):60
  3. ↑ Aronin SI, Peduzzi P, Quagliarello VJ (1998). "Community-acquired bacterial meningitis: risk stratification for adverse clinical outcome and effect of antibiotic timing". Ann Intern Med. 129 (11): 862–9. PMID 9867727.
  4. ↑ Pfister HW, Feiden W, Einhäupl KM (1993). "Spectrum of complications during bacterial meningitis in adults. Results of a prospective clinical study". Arch Neurol. 50 (6): 575–81. PMID 8503793.
  5. ↑ Zoons E, Weisfelt M, de Gans J, Spanjaard L, Koelman JH, Reitsma JB; et al. (2008). "Seizures in adults with bacterial meningitis". Neurology. 70 (22 Pt 2): 2109–15. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000288178.91614.5d. PMID 18305232.
  6. ↑ Kaplan SL, Woods CR (1992). "Neurologic complications of bacterial meningitis in children". Curr Clin Top Infect Dis. 12: 37–55. PMID 1353677.
  7. ↑ Kasanmoentalib ES, Brouwer MC, van der Ende A, van de Beek D (2010). "Hydrocephalus in adults with community-acquired bacterial meningitis". Neurology. 75 (10): 918–23. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f11e10. PMID 20820003.
  8. ↑ Wang KW, Chang WN, Chang HW, Wang HC, Lu CH (2005). "Clinical relevance of hydrocephalus in bacterial meningitis in adults". Surg Neurol. 64 (1): 61–5, discussion 66. doi:10.1016/j.surneu.2004.10.009. PMID 15993186.
  9. ↑ Bodilsen J, Schønheyder HC, Nielsen H (2013). "Hydrocephalus is a rare outcome in community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults: a retrospective analysis". BMC Infect Dis. 13: 321. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-321. PMC 3717123. PMID 23855442.
  10. ↑ Hughes DC, Raghavan A, Mordekar SR, Griffiths PD, Connolly DJ (2010). "Role of imaging in the diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis and its complications". Postgrad Med J. 86 (1018): 478–85. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2010.097022. PMID 20709770.
  11. ↑ Ramos-Estebanez C, Yavagal D (2014). "Meningitis complicated by mycotic aneurysms". Oxf Med Case Reports. 2014 (3): 40–2. doi:10.1093/omcr/omu017. PMC 4369998. PMID 25988022.
  12. ↑ Pfister HW, Borasio GD, Dirnagl U, Bauer M, Einhäupl KM (1992). "Cerebrovascular complications of bacterial meningitis in adults". Neurology. 42 (8): 1497–504. PMID 1641143.
  13. ↑ Rabbani MA, Khan AA, Ali SS, Ahmad B, Baig SM, Khan MA; et al. (2003). "Spectrum of complications and mortality of bacterial meningitis: an experience from a developing country". J Pak Med Assoc. 53 (12): 580–3. PMID 14765936.


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