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Avian influenza should be differentiated from the following diseases or pathogens that cause [[upper respiratory tract infection|upper]] or [[lower respiratory tract infection]] or [[flu-like illness]], such as other [[influenza virus]]es, such as [[human influenza|human]] or [[swine influenza]], other viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic agents that are typically associated with [[nasopharyngeal infection|nasopharyngeal]] and [[respiratory tract infection]]s, and non-infectious causes, such as [[asthma]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (COPD), [[drug adverse effects]], and [[cardiac]] causes.
Avian influenza should be differentiated from the following diseases or pathogens that cause [[upper respiratory tract infection|upper]] or [[lower respiratory tract infection]] or [[flu-like illness]], such as other [[influenza virus]]es, such as [[human influenza|human]] or [[swine influenza]], other viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic agents that are typically associated with [[nasopharyngeal infection|nasopharyngeal]] and [[respiratory tract infection]]s, and non-infectious causes, such as [[asthma]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (COPD), [[drug adverse effects]], and [[cardiac]] causes.


==Differential Diagnosis of Avian Influenza==
==Differential Diagnosis==
Influenza should be differentiated from the following diseases or pathogens that cause upper or lower respiratory disease or flu-like symptoms:<ref name="SzewczukThapa2010">{{cite journal|last1=Szewczuk|first1=Elektra|last2=Thapa|first2=Kiran|last3=Anninos|first3=Terry|last4=McPhie|first4=Kenneth|last5=Higgins|first5=Geoff|last6=Dwyer|first6=Dominic E|last7=Stanley|first7=Keith K|last8=Iredell|first8=Jonathan R|title=Rapid semi-automated quantitative multiplex tandem PCR (MT-PCR) assays for the differential diagnosis of influenza-like illness|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=10|issue=1|year=2010|pages=113|issn=1471-2334|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-10-113}}</ref><ref name="LiuSchulze2010">{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Ding Xiang|last2=Schulze|first2=Martin|last3=Nitsche|first3=Andreas|last4=Schweiger|first4=Brunhilde|last5=Biere|first5=Barbara|title=Diagnostic Approach for the Differentiation of the Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)v Virus from Recent Human Influenza Viruses by Real-Time PCR|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=5|issue=4|year=2010|pages=e9966|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0009966}}</ref>
Influenza should be differentiated from the following diseases or pathogens that cause upper or lower respiratory disease or flu-like symptoms:<ref name="SzewczukThapa2010">{{cite journal|last1=Szewczuk|first1=Elektra|last2=Thapa|first2=Kiran|last3=Anninos|first3=Terry|last4=McPhie|first4=Kenneth|last5=Higgins|first5=Geoff|last6=Dwyer|first6=Dominic E|last7=Stanley|first7=Keith K|last8=Iredell|first8=Jonathan R|title=Rapid semi-automated quantitative multiplex tandem PCR (MT-PCR) assays for the differential diagnosis of influenza-like illness|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=10|issue=1|year=2010|pages=113|issn=1471-2334|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-10-113}}</ref><ref name="LiuSchulze2010">{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Ding Xiang|last2=Schulze|first2=Martin|last3=Nitsche|first3=Andreas|last4=Schweiger|first4=Brunhilde|last5=Biere|first5=Barbara|title=Diagnostic Approach for the Differentiation of the Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)v Virus from Recent Human Influenza Viruses by Real-Time PCR|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=5|issue=4|year=2010|pages=e9966|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0009966}}</ref>
===Infectious Diseases===
===Infectious Diseases===

Revision as of 18:10, 23 April 2015

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.

Overview

Avian influenza should be differentiated from the following diseases or pathogens that cause upper or lower respiratory tract infection or flu-like illness, such as other influenza viruses, such as human or swine influenza, other viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic agents that are typically associated with nasopharyngeal and respiratory tract infections, and non-infectious causes, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), drug adverse effects, and cardiac causes.

Differential Diagnosis

Influenza should be differentiated from the following diseases or pathogens that cause upper or lower respiratory disease or flu-like symptoms:[1][2]

Infectious Diseases

Non-infectious Diseases

Differentiating Flu and Common Cold

Symptoms Flu Common Cold
Fever High fever (100-102° F) Rare
Headache Common Rare
Cough Common, moderate to severe Mild to moderate
Body aches Common, may be severe Slight
Fatigue Usual, can last up to 2-3 weeks Sometimes
Nasal congestion Sometimes Common
Sneezing Sometimes Common
Sore throat Sometimes Common
Adapted from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) [3]

References

  1. Szewczuk, Elektra; Thapa, Kiran; Anninos, Terry; McPhie, Kenneth; Higgins, Geoff; Dwyer, Dominic E; Stanley, Keith K; Iredell, Jonathan R (2010). "Rapid semi-automated quantitative multiplex tandem PCR (MT-PCR) assays for the differential diagnosis of influenza-like illness". BMC Infectious Diseases. 10 (1): 113. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-10-113. ISSN 1471-2334.
  2. Liu, Ding Xiang; Schulze, Martin; Nitsche, Andreas; Schweiger, Brunhilde; Biere, Barbara (2010). "Diagnostic Approach for the Differentiation of the Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)v Virus from Recent Human Influenza Viruses by Real-Time PCR". PLoS ONE. 5 (4): e9966. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009966. ISSN 1932-6203.
  3. "National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)- Flu (Influenza)".

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