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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Avian influenza}}
{{Avian influenza}}'''For more information about seasonal human influenza virus that is not associated with animal exposure, see [[Influenza]]'''<br><br>
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{YD}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{YD}}


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Avian influenza should be differentiated from the following diseases or pathogens that cause [[upper respiratory tract infection|upper]] or [[lower respiratory tract infection]] or [[flu-like illness]], such as other [[influenza virus]]es, such as [[human influenza|human]] or [[swine influenza]], other viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic agents that are typically associated with [[nasopharyngeal infection|nasopharyngeal]] and [[respiratory tract infection]]s, and non-infectious causes, such as [[asthma]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (COPD), [[drug adverse effects]], and [[cardiac]] causes.
Avian influenza should be differentiated from the following diseases or pathogens that cause [[upper respiratory tract infection|upper]] or [[lower respiratory tract infection]] or [[flu-like illness]], such as other [[influenza virus]]es, such as [[human influenza|human]] or [[swine influenza]], other viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic agents that are typically associated with [[nasopharyngeal infection|nasopharyngeal]] and [[respiratory tract infection]]s, and non-infectious causes, such as [[asthma]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (COPD), [[drug adverse effects]], and [[cardiac]] causes.


==Differential Diagnosis of Avian Influenza==
==Differential Diagnosis==
Influenza should be differentiated from the following diseases or pathogens that cause upper or lower respiratory disease or flu-like symptoms:<ref name="SzewczukThapa2010">{{cite journal|last1=Szewczuk|first1=Elektra|last2=Thapa|first2=Kiran|last3=Anninos|first3=Terry|last4=McPhie|first4=Kenneth|last5=Higgins|first5=Geoff|last6=Dwyer|first6=Dominic E|last7=Stanley|first7=Keith K|last8=Iredell|first8=Jonathan R|title=Rapid semi-automated quantitative multiplex tandem PCR (MT-PCR) assays for the differential diagnosis of influenza-like illness|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=10|issue=1|year=2010|pages=113|issn=1471-2334|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-10-113}}</ref><ref name="LiuSchulze2010">{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Ding Xiang|last2=Schulze|first2=Martin|last3=Nitsche|first3=Andreas|last4=Schweiger|first4=Brunhilde|last5=Biere|first5=Barbara|title=Diagnostic Approach for the Differentiation of the Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)v Virus from Recent Human Influenza Viruses by Real-Time PCR|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=5|issue=4|year=2010|pages=e9966|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0009966}}</ref>
Influenza should be differentiated from the following diseases or pathogens that cause upper or lower respiratory disease or flu-like symptoms:<ref name="SzewczukThapa2010">{{cite journal|last1=Szewczuk|first1=Elektra|last2=Thapa|first2=Kiran|last3=Anninos|first3=Terry|last4=McPhie|first4=Kenneth|last5=Higgins|first5=Geoff|last6=Dwyer|first6=Dominic E|last7=Stanley|first7=Keith K|last8=Iredell|first8=Jonathan R|title=Rapid semi-automated quantitative multiplex tandem PCR (MT-PCR) assays for the differential diagnosis of influenza-like illness|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=10|issue=1|year=2010|pages=113|issn=1471-2334|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-10-113}}</ref><ref name="LiuSchulze2010">{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Ding Xiang|last2=Schulze|first2=Martin|last3=Nitsche|first3=Andreas|last4=Schweiger|first4=Brunhilde|last5=Biere|first5=Barbara|title=Diagnostic Approach for the Differentiation of the Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)v Virus from Recent Human Influenza Viruses by Real-Time PCR|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=5|issue=4|year=2010|pages=e9966|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0009966}}</ref><ref name="pmid24982316">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lion T |title=Adenovirus infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=441–62 |year=2014 |pmid=24982316 |pmc=4135893 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00116-13 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21663884">{{cite journal |vauthors=Attridge RT, Frei CR |title=Health care-associated pneumonia: an evidence-based review |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=124 |issue=8 |pages=689–97 |year=2011 |pmid=21663884 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.01.023 |url=}}</ref><ref name=WHO>[http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/en/index.html Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR), World Health Organization (WHO)]</ref><ref name="MMWR">{{cite web | title = Updated Information on the Epidemiology of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Infection and Guidance for the Public, Clinicians, and Public Health Authorities, 2012–2013 | url = http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/case-def.html }}</ref><ref name="pmid18776151">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu P, Dupont WD, Griffin MR, Carroll KN, Mitchel EF, Gebretsadik T, Hartert TV |title=Evidence of a causal role of winter virus infection during infancy in early childhood asthma |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=178 |issue=11 |pages=1123–9 |year=2008 |pmid=18776151 |pmc=2588491 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200804-579OC |url=}}</ref>
===Infectious Diseases===
===Infectious Diseases===
* Other influenza viruses, such as human influenza or swine influenza are in the differential diagnosis of avian influenza.
* Other influenza viruses, such as human influenza or swine influenza
*Other infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, that are typically responsible for respiratory illness are also in the differential diagnosis of avian influenza:
*Other infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, that are typically responsible for respiratory illness
** [[Adenoviruses]]
** [[Adenoviruses]]
** [[Anthrax]] (caused by ''B. anthracis'')
** [[Anthrax]] (caused by ''B. anthracis'')
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* [[Vaccination]]s (typically transient and mild flu-like illness)
* [[Vaccination]]s (typically transient and mild flu-like illness)


==Differentiating Flu and Common Cold==
==Differentiating Influenza and Common Cold==
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 85%; margin: 3px; width:500px;" align=center
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 85%; margin: 3px; width:500px;" align=center
|valign=top|
|valign=top|
|+
|+
! style="background: #4479BA; color:#FFF;  width: 150px;" | Symptoms
! style="background: #4479BA; color:#FFF;  width: 150px;" | Symptoms
! style="background: #4479BA; color:#FFF;  width: 200px;" | Flu
! style="background: #4479BA; color:#FFF;  width: 200px;" | Influenza
! style="background: #4479BA; color:#FFF;  width: 200px;" | Common Cold  
! style="background: #4479BA; color:#FFF;  width: 200px;" | Common Cold  
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" |  Fever
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" |  Fever
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | High fever (100-102° F)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | High fever (100-102° F)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Rare
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Uncommon
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" |  Headache
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" |  Headache
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Common
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Common
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Rare
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Uncommon
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" |  Cough
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" |  Cough
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|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" | Fatigue
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" | Fatigue
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Usual, can last up to 2-3 weeks
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Common, can last up to 2-3 weeks
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Sometimes
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Sometimes
|-
|-

Latest revision as of 16:08, 17 February 2017

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For more information about seasonal human influenza virus that is not associated with animal exposure, see Influenza

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.

Overview

Avian influenza should be differentiated from the following diseases or pathogens that cause upper or lower respiratory tract infection or flu-like illness, such as other influenza viruses, such as human or swine influenza, other viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic agents that are typically associated with nasopharyngeal and respiratory tract infections, and non-infectious causes, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), drug adverse effects, and cardiac causes.

Differential Diagnosis

Influenza should be differentiated from the following diseases or pathogens that cause upper or lower respiratory disease or flu-like symptoms:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Infectious Diseases

Non-infectious Diseases

Differentiating Influenza and Common Cold
Symptoms Influenza Common Cold
Fever High fever (100-102° F) Uncommon
Headache Common Uncommon
Cough Common, moderate to severe Mild to moderate
Body aches Common, may be severe Slight
Fatigue Common, can last up to 2-3 weeks Sometimes
Nasal congestion Sometimes Common
Sneezing Sometimes Common
Sore throat Sometimes Common
Adapted from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) [8]

References

  1. ↑ Szewczuk, Elektra; Thapa, Kiran; Anninos, Terry; McPhie, Kenneth; Higgins, Geoff; Dwyer, Dominic E; Stanley, Keith K; Iredell, Jonathan R (2010). "Rapid semi-automated quantitative multiplex tandem PCR (MT-PCR) assays for the differential diagnosis of influenza-like illness". BMC Infectious Diseases. 10 (1): 113. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-10-113. ISSN 1471-2334.
  2. ↑ Liu, Ding Xiang; Schulze, Martin; Nitsche, Andreas; Schweiger, Brunhilde; Biere, Barbara (2010). "Diagnostic Approach for the Differentiation of the Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)v Virus from Recent Human Influenza Viruses by Real-Time PCR". PLoS ONE. 5 (4): e9966. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009966. ISSN 1932-6203.
  3. ↑ Lion T (2014). "Adenovirus infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 27 (3): 441–62. doi:10.1128/CMR.00116-13. PMC 4135893. PMID 24982316.
  4. ↑ Attridge RT, Frei CR (2011). "Health care-associated pneumonia: an evidence-based review". Am. J. Med. 124 (8): 689–97. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.01.023. PMID 21663884.
  5. ↑ Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR), World Health Organization (WHO)
  6. ↑ "Updated Information on the Epidemiology of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Infection and Guidance for the Public, Clinicians, and Public Health Authorities, 2012–2013".
  7. ↑ Wu P, Dupont WD, Griffin MR, Carroll KN, Mitchel EF, Gebretsadik T, Hartert TV (2008). "Evidence of a causal role of winter virus infection during infancy in early childhood asthma". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 178 (11): 1123–9. doi:10.1164/rccm.200804-579OC. PMC 2588491. PMID 18776151.
  8. ↑ "National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)- Flu (Influenza)".

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