Aortopulmonary Window: Difference between revisions
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===CT scan=== | ===CT scan=== | ||
* If echocardiography does not reveal enough information, a CT scan can be performed. | |||
* CT scan can potentially delineate the aortopulmonary connection. | |||
===MRI=== | ===MRI=== | ||
* Quantitive analysis of flow in 4D MRI can help to distinguish the severity and siz of aortopulmonary window.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.108183/-/DC1}}</ref> | |||
===Other Imaging Findings=== | ===Other Imaging Findings=== | ||
There are no other imaging findings associated with | There are no other imaging findings associated with aortopuklmonary window. | ||
===Other Diagnostic Studies=== | ===Other Diagnostic Studies=== | ||
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with | There are no other diagnostic studies associated with aortopulmonary window. | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
===Medical Therapy=== | ===Medical Therapy=== | ||
* Main treatment for AP window is surgery. | |||
* Anticongestive medications | |||
** Diuretics([[furosemide]] and [[chlorothiazide]]) | |||
** [[digoxin]] | |||
* [[ACE inhibitor|ACE inhibitors]] and [[Angiotensin II receptor antagonist|ARB]] | |||
* Medical therapy should be approached with caution, since there can be abnormal renal perfusion.<ref name="ErezDagan2004">{{cite journal|last1=Erez|first1=Eldad|last2=Dagan|first2=Ovadia|last3=Georghiou|first3=Georgios P|last4=Gelber|first4=Oscar|last5=Vidne|first5=Bernardo A|last6=Birk|first6=Einat|title=Surgical management of aortopulmonary window and associated lesions|journal=The Annals of Thoracic Surgery|volume=77|issue=2|year=2004|pages=484–487|issn=00034975|doi=10.1016/S0003-4975(03)01603-5}}</ref> | |||
===Surgery=== | ===Surgery=== | ||
* Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for aortopulmonary window. | |||
* Surgery must be considered at the time of diagnosis as the size of defect has not still grown, in order to decrease risk of developing pulmonary hypertension. | |||
Surgery is | * Surgery involves seperation of the great arteries with either suture division or patch closure of aorta and pulmonary artery. | ||
* Catheterization can be considered when defect is small.<ref name="ChandrashekarBhat2018">{{cite journal|last1=Chandrashekar|first1=ChandanaNirmala|last2=Bhat|first2=PadebettuSubramanya Seetharama|last3=Mallikarjun|first3=Divya|last4=Girish Gowda|first4=SL|title=Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery associated with an aortopulmonary window|journal=Annals of Pediatric Cardiology|volume=11|issue=3|year=2018|pages=325|issn=0974-2069|doi=10.4103/apc.APC_65_18}}</ref> | |||
===Primary Prevention=== | ===Primary Prevention=== | ||
* There are no established measures for the primary prevention of aortopulmonary window. | |||
===Secondary Prevention=== | ===Secondary Prevention=== | ||
* There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of aortopulmonary window. | |||
<br /> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 15:42, 6 April 2020
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ramyar Ghandriz MD[2]
Synonyms and keywords:
Overview
Historical Perspective
Aortopulmonary window first described by Elliotson as a defect which causes communication between proximal aorta and main pulmonary artery. [1]
Classification
There are different ways of classifying aortopulmonary window. proximal defects are the most common between proximal aorta and sinus of valsalva. Distal types are located in the upper portion of the ascending before the aortic branches. Total defects are large and involve the majority of the ascending aorta between valsalva and aortic branches.[2]
Pathophysiology
- Aortopulmonary (APW) window is a rare condition with presence of a communication between the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery with two separate semilunar valves.[3]
- APW can present as an isolated phenomena but more over is assosiated with other congenital heart defects such as interrupted aortic arch, transposition of the great arteries and tetralogy of fallot.[4]
Causes
- The cause of APW has not been identified.
- It may be associated with some genetic disease such as DiGeorge syndrome(choromosome 22q11 deletion)[5]
Differentiating Aortopulmonary Window from other Diseases
Aortopulmonary Window must be differentiated from other diseases or conditions that cause continuous heart murmur. for further information click Here.
Epidemiology and Demographics
- Since APW is a very rare congenital heart defect, there is very little known about epidemiology of the disease.
Risk Factors
There are no established risk factors for aortopulmonary window.
Screening
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for aortopulmonary window.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
- Clinical features of APW have been described differently due to their classification.
- Manifestation of the disease is not specific, but majority of patients have a large left to right shunt.
- patients with small defects may be asymptomatic.
- If left untreated, large APW may cause symptoms of pulmonary hypertension and congestive heart failure such as tachypnea, diaphoresis, failure to thrive and recurrent respiratory difficulties.
- pericardium is often hyperdynamic and a mitral valve rumble, causes continues heart murmur.
- Bounding pulses happen due to decreased diastolic blood pressure secondary to aortic flow reversal in diastole.
- If the diagnosis is not made until late in infancy or during childhood. APW may lead to eisenmenger syndrome.[7]
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
The diagnosis of aortopulmonary window is made by echocardigraphy after suspicion of large left to right shunt. [8]
History and Symptoms
- tachypnea
- diaphoresis
- failure to thrive
- recurrent respiratory difficulties
Physical Examination
- continuous murmur
- If late eisenmenger's syndrome:
Laboratory Findings
There are no specific diagnostic laboratory findings associated with aortopulmonary window..
Electrocardiogram
- Tachycardia
- Increased right and left sided voltage
X-ray
- Cardiomegaly
- Increased pulmonary vascular markings
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
- Gold standard foe diagnosis of aortopulmonary window.
- Since the connection is usually without significant restriction, color-Doppler echocardiography will not demonstrate high velocity jet.
CT scan
- If echocardiography does not reveal enough information, a CT scan can be performed.
- CT scan can potentially delineate the aortopulmonary connection.
MRI
- Quantitive analysis of flow in 4D MRI can help to distinguish the severity and siz of aortopulmonary window.[9]
Other Imaging Findings
There are no other imaging findings associated with aortopuklmonary window.
Other Diagnostic Studies
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with aortopulmonary window.
Treatment
Medical Therapy
- Main treatment for AP window is surgery.
- Anticongestive medications
- Diuretics(furosemide and chlorothiazide)
- digoxin
- ACE inhibitors and ARB
- Medical therapy should be approached with caution, since there can be abnormal renal perfusion.[10]
Surgery
- Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for aortopulmonary window.
- Surgery must be considered at the time of diagnosis as the size of defect has not still grown, in order to decrease risk of developing pulmonary hypertension.
- Surgery involves seperation of the great arteries with either suture division or patch closure of aorta and pulmonary artery.
- Catheterization can be considered when defect is small.[11]
Primary Prevention
- There are no established measures for the primary prevention of aortopulmonary window.
Secondary Prevention
- There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of aortopulmonary window.
References
- ↑ Kouchoukos, Nicholas (2013). Kirklin/Barratt-Boyes cardiac surgery : morphology, diagnostic criteria, natural history, techniques, results, and indications. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-6391-9.
- ↑ Tkebuchava, T (1997). "Congenital aortopulmonary window: diagnosis, surgical technique and long-term results". European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 11 (2): 293–297. doi:10.1016/S1010-7940(96)01048-2. ISSN 1010-7940.
- ↑ Demir, Ibrahim Halil; Erdem, Abdullah; Saritas, Turkay; Demir, Fadli; Erol, Nurdan; Yucel, Ilker Kemal; Aydemir, Numan Ali; Celebi, Ahmet (2013). "Diagnosis, Treatment and Outcomes of Patients with Aortopulmonary Window". Balkan Medical Journal. 30 (2): 191–196. doi:10.5152/balkanmedj.2013.6995. ISSN 2146-3123.
- ↑ McElhinney, Doff B; Reddy, V.Mohan; Tworetzky, Wayne; Silverman, Norman H; Hanley, Frank L (1998). "Early and Late Results After Repair of Aortopulmonary Septal Defect and Associated Anomalies in Infants < 6 Months of Age". The American Journal of Cardiology. 81 (2): 195–201. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00881-3. ISSN 0002-9149.
- ↑ Aurigemma, David; Dixon, Chandler; Tucker, Suzanne; Davis, Christopher; Silverman, Norman (2018). "Aortopulmonary window in tetralogy of Fallot with absent conal septum". Echocardiography. 36 (2): 411–414. doi:10.1111/echo.14243. ISSN 0742-2822.
- ↑ Mark A.. Law & Kunal Mahajan (2020). "Aortopulmonary Septal Defect". PMID 28723032. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Myers, Patrick O.; Lador, Frédéric; Hachulla, Anne-Lise; Bouchardy, Judith; Noble, Stéphane; Licker, Marc; Pache, Jean-Claude; Kalimanovaska-Ostric, Dimitra; Djukic, Milan; Kalangos, Afksendiyos; Beghetti, Maurice (2016). "Unrestrictive Aortopulmonary Window". Circulation. 133 (19): 1907–1910. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020819. ISSN 0009-7322.
- ↑ Zhao, Dong; Yang, Keming; Li, Shoujun; Yan, Jun; Hua, Zhongdong; Fang, Nengxin; Su, Wenjun; Lv, Xiaodong; Yu, Bing (2019). "Outcomes of different rehabilitative procedures in patients with pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries". European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 55 (5): 837–844. doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezy375. ISSN 1010-7940.
- ↑ . doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.108183/-/DC1. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Erez, Eldad; Dagan, Ovadia; Georghiou, Georgios P; Gelber, Oscar; Vidne, Bernardo A; Birk, Einat (2004). "Surgical management of aortopulmonary window and associated lesions". The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 77 (2): 484–487. doi:10.1016/S0003-4975(03)01603-5. ISSN 0003-4975.
- ↑ Chandrashekar, ChandanaNirmala; Bhat, PadebettuSubramanya Seetharama; Mallikarjun, Divya; Girish Gowda, SL (2018). "Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery associated with an aortopulmonary window". Annals of Pediatric Cardiology. 11 (3): 325. doi:10.4103/apc.APC_65_18. ISSN 0974-2069.