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{{Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency}}
{{Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is caused by a mutation in the SERPINA1 gene. SERPINA1 is located on chromosome 14.
Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is caused by a [[Mutations|mutation]] in the [[Gene|SERPINA1 gene]]. SERPINA1 is located on [[chromosome 14]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is caused by a mutation in the SERPINA1  gene. SERPINA1 is located on chromosome 14 and is highly pleomorphic, with more than 100 allelic variants.This gene instructs the body to make a protein called alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), which functions to protect the body from called neutrophil elastase enzyme.
*Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is caused by a [[mutation]] in the [[Gene|SERPINA1  gene]].<ref name="pmid28927525">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hazari YM, Bashir A, Habib M, Bashir S, Habib H, Qasim MA, Shah NN, Haq E, Teckman J, Fazili KM |title=Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: Genetic variations, clinical manifestations and therapeutic interventions |journal=Mutat. Res. |volume=773 |issue= |pages=14–25 |year=2017 |pmid=28927525 |doi=10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.03.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27399863">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stoller JK |title=Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: An underrecognized, treatable cause of COPD |journal=Cleve Clin J Med |volume=83 |issue=7 |pages=507–14 |year=2016 |pmid=27399863 |doi=10.3949/ccjm.83a.16031 |url=}}</ref>
Neutrophil elastase helps the body fight infections, but it can also attack healthy tissue in the lung if not inactivated by AAT.Alpha1-antiprotease functions to protect the lungs from unregulated protease activity.
*SERPINA1 is located on [[chromosome 14]] and is highly pleomorphic, with more than 100 [[Alleles|allelic variants]].This gene instructs the body to make a [[protein]] called [[alpha-1 antitrypsin]] (AAT), which [[Function (biology)|functions]] to [[Inhibition|inhibit]] [[neutrophil elastase]] [[enzyme]].
Mutations associated with AAT can result in deficiency or complete absence of AAT, or a form of AAT that does not work effectively to protect healthy tissue. This allows neutrophil elastase to destroy lung tissue, causing lung disease.
*[[Neutrophil elastase]] helps the body fight [[infections]], but it can also attack healthy tissue in the [[lung]] if not inactivated by AAT. Alpha1-antiprotease functions to protect the lungs from unregulated [[Proteases|protease activity]].
In addition, the accumulation of intrahepatic alpha1-antitrypsin can build up in the liver and can result in apoptosis of hepatocytes. The severity of AATD may also be worsened by environmental factors such as exposure to tobacco smoke, dust, and chemicals. This initially presents as laboratory abnormalities on liver function test, but can progress to hepatitis, followed by fibrosis and cirrhosis.  
*[[Mutations]] associated with AAT can result in:
 
**Deficient amount of AAT in the body.
**Complete absence of AAT.
**A form of AAT that does not work effectively to protect healthy [[lung]] tissue.  
*SERPINA1 [[Mutations|mutation]] allows [[neutrophil elastase]] to destroy [[Lung|lung tissue]], causing [[lung disease]].
*In addition, the accumulation of intrahepatic [[Alpha1 antitrypsin|alpha1-antitrypsin]] can build up in the [[liver]] and can result in [[apoptosis]] of [[hepatocytes]].  
*The severity of AATD may also be worsened by environmental factors such as exposure to tobacco smoke, dust, and chemicals. This initially presents as laboratory abnormalities on [[Liver function tests|liver function test]], but can progress to [[hepatitis]], followed by [[fibrosis]] and [[cirrhosis]].


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]

Latest revision as of 16:43, 23 January 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mazia Fatima, MBBS [2]

Overview

Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is caused by a mutation in the SERPINA1 gene. SERPINA1 is located on chromosome 14.

Causes

References

  1. Hazari YM, Bashir A, Habib M, Bashir S, Habib H, Qasim MA, Shah NN, Haq E, Teckman J, Fazili KM (2017). "Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: Genetic variations, clinical manifestations and therapeutic interventions". Mutat. Res. 773: 14–25. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.03.001. PMID 28927525.
  2. Stoller JK (2016). "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: An underrecognized, treatable cause of COPD". Cleve Clin J Med. 83 (7): 507–14. doi:10.3949/ccjm.83a.16031. PMID 27399863.


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