Abdominal aortic aneurysm causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Abdominal aortic aneurysm}}
{{Abdominal aortic aneurysm}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{VR}} {{RG}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Common causes of abdominal aortic aneurysm include [[atherosclerosis]], [[hypertension]] and [[smoking]].
The most common cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm is [[atherosclerosis]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.<ref name="The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy">{{cite book | last = Porter | first = Robert | title = The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy | publisher = Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp | location = Whitehouse Station, N.J | year = 2011 | isbn = 9780911910193 }}</ref>
*[[Abdominal trauma]]
*[[Bacteremia]]
*[[Gastrointestinal perforation]]
*[[Vertebral osteomyelitis]]
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
* [[Atherosclerosis]]
*[[Abdominal trauma]]<ref name="The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy" />
* [[Hypertension]]
*[[Atherosclerosis]]<ref name="Santosa-2013">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Santosa | first1 = F. | last2 = Schrader | first2 = S. | last3 = Nowak | first3 = T. | last4 = Luther | first4 = B. | last5 = Kröger | first5 = K. | last6 = Bufe | first6 = A. | title = Thoracal, abdominal and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm. | journal = Int Angiol | volume = 32 | issue = 5 | pages = 501-5 | month = Oct | year = 2013 | doi =  | PMID = 23903309 }}</ref>
* [[Smoking]]
*[[Marfan syndrome]]<ref name="Singh-2001">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Singh | first1 = K. | last2 = Bønaa | first2 = KH. | last3 = Jacobsen | first3 = BK. | last4 = Bjørk | first4 = L. | last5 = Solberg | first5 = S. | title = Prevalence of and risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms in a population-based study : The Tromsø Study. | journal = Am J Epidemiol | volume = 154 | issue = 3 | pages = 236-44 | month = Aug | year = 2001 | doi =  | PMID = 11479188 }}</ref>


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Anastomosis]], [[aortic dissection]],  [[arteritis]],  [[atheroma]],  [[atherosclerosis]],  [[bicuspid aortic valve]],  [[coarctation of the aorta]],  [[coronary artery disease]],  [[cystic medial necrosis]],  [[endocarditis]],  [[Valvuloplasty|heart valve surgery]],  [[hypercholesterolemia]],  [[hypertension]],  [[peripheral vascular disease]],  [[vasculitis]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Anastomosis]], [[aortic dissection]],  [[arteritis]],  [[atheroma]],  [[atherosclerosis]],  [[bicuspid aortic valve]],  [[coarctation of the aorta]],  [[coronary artery disease]],  [[cystic medial necrosis]],  [[endocarditis]],  [[Valvuloplasty|heart valve surgery]],  [[vasculitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chemotherapy]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chemotherapy]], [[Glucocorticoid|chronic glucocorticoid therapy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetes]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]], [[appendectomy]],  [[cholecystectomy]],  [[cholecystitis]],  [[cirrhosis]],  [[colorectal surgery]],  [[diverticulitis]],  [[esophageal varices]],  [[Endoscopy|gastrointestinal endoscopy]],  [[gastrointestinal perforation]],  [[hemorrhoids]],  [[pancreatic pseudocyst]]  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]], [[appendectomy]],  [[cholecystectomy]],  [[cholecystitis]],  [[cirrhosis]],  [[colorectal surgery]],  [[diverticulitis]],  [[esophageal varices]],  [[Endoscopy|gastrointestinal endoscopy]],  [[gastrointestinal perforation]],  [[hemorrhoids]],  [[pancreatic pseudocyst]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]],  [[arterial tortuosity syndrome]],  [[bicuspid aortic valve]],  [[chromosome 11q24]],  [[chromosome 19q13]],  [[chromosome 9p21]],  [[chromosomes 4q32-34]],  [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]],  [[familial]],  [[genetic polymorphisms of genes controlling angiotensin converting enzyme, methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase, and matrix metalloproteinase-9]],  [[HLA-DRB 1 alleles b1*0404]],  [[HLA-DRB1 alleles b1*15]],  [[Loeys-Dietz syndrome]],  [[long arm of chromosome 16]],  [[Marfan syndrome]],  [[pseudoxanthoma elasticum]],  [[Turner's syndrome]],  [[Sex linkage|X-linked mutation]] 
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]],  [[arterial tortuosity syndrome]],  [[bicuspid aortic valve]],  [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]],  [[Loeys-Dietz syndrome]],  [[Marfan syndrome]],  [[pseudoxanthoma elasticum]],  [[Turner's syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Appendectomy]], [[cholecystectomy]],  [[colorectal surgery]],  [[Endoscopy|gastrointestinal endoscopy]],  [[Valvuloplasty|heart valve surgery]],  [[hemodialysis]],  [[hip replacement surgery]],  [[nerve block]],  [[oral surgery]],  [[Cardiac catheterization|percutaneous access for cardiac catheterization]],  [[Surgery|prior aortic repairs]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Appendectomy]], [[cholecystectomy]],  [[colorectal surgery]],  [[Endoscopy|gastrointestinal endoscopy]],  [[Valvuloplasty|heart valve surgery]],  [[hemodialysis]],  [[hip replacement surgery]],  [[nerve block]],  [[oral surgery]],  [[Cardiac catheterization|percutaneous access for cardiac catheterization]],  [[Surgery|prior aortic repairs]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acinetobacter]], [[arteritis]],  [[aspergillus]],  [[bacteremia]],  [[bacteroides]],  [[brucella]],  [[burkholderia pseudomallei]],  [[campylobacter]],  [[candida]],  [[clostridium]],  [[corynebacterium]],  [[coxiella burnetii]],  [[cryptococcus]],  [[escherichia coli]],  [[endocarditis]],  [[haemophilus influenzae]],  [[HIV]],  [[intravenous drug use]],  [[klebsiella]],  [[lactococcus cremoris]],  [[listeria]],  [[melioidosis]],  [[methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus]],  [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]],  [[mycosis]],  [[Streptococcus|nonpneumococcal streptococcus]],  [[oral surgery]],  [[osteomyelitis]],  [[Periodontitis|periodontal infection]],  [[pneumonia]],  [[pseudallescheria boydii]],  [[pseudomonas]],  [[rothia dentocariosa]],  [[salmonella]],  [[Embolism|septic embolic]],  [[Cellulitis|soft tissue infection]],  [[staphylococcus aureus]],  [[staphylococcus epidermidis]],  [[streptococcus pneumoniae]],  [[treponema pallidum]],  [[urinary tract infection]],  [[vancomycin intermediate staphylococcus aureus]],  [[vertebral osteomyelitis]],  [[yersinia]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acinetobacter]], [[arteritis]],  [[aspergillus]],  [[bacteremia]],  [[bacteroides]],  [[brucella]],  [[burkholderia pseudomallei]],  [[campylobacter]],  [[candida]],  [[clostridium]],  [[corynebacterium]],  [[coxiella burnetii]],  [[cryptococcus]],  [[endocarditis]],  [[escherichia coli]],  [[haemophilus influenzae]],  [[HIV]],  [[intravenous drug use]],  [[klebsiella]],  [[lactococcus cremoris]],  [[listeria]],  [[melioidosis]],  [[methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus]],  [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]],  [[mycosis]],  [[Streptococcus|nonpneumococcal streptococcus]],  [[oral surgery]],  [[osteomyelitis]],  [[Periodontitis|periodontal infection]],  [[pneumonia]],  [[pseudallescheria boydii]],  [[pseudomonas]],  [[rothia dentocariosa]],  [[salmonella]],  [[Embolism|septic embolic]],  [[Cellulitis|soft tissue infection]],  [[staphylococcus aureus]],  [[staphylococcus epidermidis]],  [[streptococcus pneumoniae]],  [[treponema pallidum]],  [[urinary tract infection]],  [[vancomycin intermediate staphylococcus aureus]],  [[vertebral osteomyelitis]],  [[yersinia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cerebrovascular disease]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]],  [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]],  [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arteritis]],  [[Glucocorticoid|chronic glucocorticoid therapy]],  [[giant cell arteritis]],  [[immunodeficiency]],  [[Organ transplant|post-transplant]],  [[relapsing polychondritis ]],  [[Takayasu disease]],  [[temporal arteritis]]   
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arteritis]],  [[giant cell arteritis]],  [[immunodeficiency]],  [[Organ transplant|post-transplant]],  [[relapsing polychondritis]],  [[Takayasu disease]],  [[temporal arteritis]]   
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcoholism]],  [[Ethnic group|caucasian race]],  [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]],  [[Gender|male gender]],  [[old age]],  [[Aneurysm|presence of other large aneurysms]],  [[ Aneurysm|pseudoaneurysms]],  [[smoking]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]],  [[pseudoaneurysm]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{col-begin|width=85%}}
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Abdominal trauma]]
*[[Abdominal trauma]]
*[[Acinetobacter]]
*[[Acinetobacter]]
*[[Alcoholism]]
*[[Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]]
*[[Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]]
*[[Anastomosis]]
*[[Anastomosis]]
*[[Aortic dissection]]
*[[Aortic dissection]]
*[[Appendectomy ]]
*[[Appendectomy]]
*[[Arterial tortuosity syndrome]]
*[[Arterial tortuosity syndrome]]
*[[Arteritis]]
*[[Arteritis]]
Line 149: Line 156:
*[[Campylobacter]]
*[[Campylobacter]]
*[[Candida]]
*[[Candida]]
*[[Ethnic group|Caucasian race]]
*[[Cerebrovascular disease]]
*[[Chemotherapy]]
*[[Chemotherapy]]
*[[Chest trauma]]
*[[Chest trauma]]
*[[Cholecystectomy]]
*[[Cholecystectomy]]
*[[Cholecystitis]]
*[[Cholecystitis]]
*[[Chromosome 11q24]]
*[[Chromosome 19q13]]
*[[Chromosome 9p21]]
*[[Chromosomes 4q32-34]]
*[[Glucocorticoid|Chronic glucocorticoid therapy]]
*[[Glucocorticoid|Chronic glucocorticoid therapy]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
Line 168: Line 169:
*[[Corynebacterium]]
*[[Corynebacterium]]
*[[Coxiella burnetii]]
*[[Coxiella burnetii]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Cryptococcus]]
*[[Cryptococcus]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Cystic medial necrosis]]
*[[Cystic medial necrosis]]
*[[Diabetes]]
*[[Diverticulitis]]
*[[Diverticulitis]]
*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]
*[[Endocarditis]]
*[[Escherichia coli]]
*[[Escherichia coli]]
*[[Ehlers-danlos syndrome]]
*[[Endocarditis]]
*[[Esophageal varices]]
*[[Esophageal varices]]
*[[Familial]]
*[[Endoscopy|Gastrointestinal endoscopy]]
*[[Endoscopy|Gastrointestinal endoscopy]]
*[[Gastrointestinal perforation]]
*[[Gastrointestinal perforation]]
*[[Genetic polymorphisms of genes controlling angiotensin converting enzyme, methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase, and matrix metalloproteinase-9]]
*[[Giant cell arteritis]]
*[[Giant cell arteritis]]
*[[Haemophilus influenzae]]
*[[Haemophilus influenzae]]
Line 188: Line 186:
*[[Hip replacement surgery]]
*[[Hip replacement surgery]]
*[[HIV]]
*[[HIV]]
*[[HLA-DRB1 alleles b1*0404]]
*[[HLA-DRB1 alleles b1*15]]
*[[Hypercholesterolemia]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[Immunodeficiency]]
*[[Immunodeficiency]]
*[[Intravenous drug use]]
*[[Intravenous drug use]]
Line 198: Line 192:
*[[Inborn error of lipid metabolism|Lipid metabolism disorders]]
*[[Inborn error of lipid metabolism|Lipid metabolism disorders]]
*[[Listeria]]
*[[Listeria]]
*[[Loeys-dietz syndrome]]
*[[Loey's Dietz syndrome]]
*[[Long arm of chromosome 16]]
*[[Gender|Male gender]]
*[[Malignancies]]
*[[Malignancies]]
*[[Marfan syndrome]]
*[[Marfan syndrome]]
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*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
*[[Mycosis]]
*[[Mycosis]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Near drowning]]
*[[Near drowning]]
*[[Nerve block]]
*[[Nerve block]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Streptococcus|Nonpneumococcal streptococcus]]
*[[Streptococcus|Nonpneumococcal streptococcus]]
*[[Old age]]
*[[Oral surgery]]
*[[Oral surgery]]
*[[Osteomyelitis]]
*[[Osteomyelitis]]
Line 217: Line 208:
*[[Cardiac catheterization|Percutaneous access for cardiac catheterization]]
*[[Cardiac catheterization|Percutaneous access for cardiac catheterization]]
*[[Periodontitis|Periodontal infection]]
*[[Periodontitis|Periodontal infection]]
*[[Peripheral vascular disease]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Polycystic kidney disease]]
*[[Polycystic kidney disease]]
*[[Organ transplant|Post-transplant]]
*[[Organ transplant|Post-transplant]]
*[[Aneurysm|Presence of other large aneurysms]]
*[[Surgery|Prior aortic repairs]]
*[[Surgery|Prior aortic repairs]]
*[[Pseudallescheria boydii]]
*[[Pseudallescheria boydii]]
Line 227: Line 216:
*[[Pseudomonas]]
*[[Pseudomonas]]
*[[Pseudoxanthoma elasticum]]
*[[Pseudoxanthoma elasticum]]
*[[Relapsing polychondritis ]]
*[[Relapsing polychondritis]]
*[[Rothia dentocariosa ]]
*[[Rothia dentocariosa]]
*[[Salmonella]]
*[[Salmonella]]
*[[Embolism|Septic embolic]]
*[[Embolism|Septic embolic]]
*[[Smoking]]
*[[Cellulitis|Soft tissue infection]]
*[[Cellulitis|Soft tissue infection]]
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
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*[[Takayasu disease]]
*[[Takayasu disease]]
*[[Temporal arteritis]]
*[[Temporal arteritis]]
*[[Treponema pallidum ]]
*[[Treponema pallidum]]
*[[Turner's syndrome]]
*[[Turner's syndrome]]
*[[Urinary tract infection]]
*[[Urinary tract infection]]
Line 244: Line 232:
*[[Vasculitis]]
*[[Vasculitis]]
*[[Vertebral osteomyelitis]]
*[[Vertebral osteomyelitis]]
*[[Sex linkage|X-linked mutation]]
*[[Yersinia]]
*[[Yersinia]]
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
 
[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
[[Category:Cardiac surgery]]
[[Category:Cardiac surgery]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Differential diagnosis]]
[[Category:Symptoms and Signs]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 21:39, 6 January 2020

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [2] Ramyar Ghandriz MD[3]

Overview

The most common cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm is atherosclerosis.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.[1]

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Anastomosis, aortic dissection, arteritis, atheroma, atherosclerosis, bicuspid aortic valve, coarctation of the aorta, coronary artery disease, cystic medial necrosis, endocarditis, heart valve surgery, vasculitis
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Chemotherapy, chronic glucocorticoid therapy
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, appendectomy, cholecystectomy, cholecystitis, cirrhosis, colorectal surgery, diverticulitis, esophageal varices, gastrointestinal endoscopy, gastrointestinal perforation, hemorrhoids, pancreatic pseudocyst
Genetic Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, arterial tortuosity syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome, Marfan syndrome, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Turner's syndrome
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Appendectomy, cholecystectomy, colorectal surgery, gastrointestinal endoscopy, heart valve surgery, hemodialysis, hip replacement surgery, nerve block, oral surgery, percutaneous access for cardiac catheterization, prior aortic repairs
Infectious Disease Acinetobacter, arteritis, aspergillus, bacteremia, bacteroides, brucella, burkholderia pseudomallei, campylobacter, candida, clostridium, corynebacterium, coxiella burnetii, cryptococcus, endocarditis, escherichia coli, haemophilus influenzae, HIV, intravenous drug use, klebsiella, lactococcus cremoris, listeria, melioidosis, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycosis, nonpneumococcal streptococcus, oral surgery, osteomyelitis, periodontal infection, pneumonia, pseudallescheria boydii, pseudomonas, rothia dentocariosa, salmonella, septic embolic, soft tissue infection, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococcus pneumoniae, treponema pallidum, urinary tract infection, vancomycin intermediate staphylococcus aureus, vertebral osteomyelitis, yersinia
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Arterial tortuosity syndrome, hip replacement surgery, osteomyelitis, vertebral osteomyelitis
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic Lipid metabolism disorders
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Malignancies
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Renal / Electrolyte Hemodialysis, polycystic kidney disease
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Arteritis, giant cell arteritis, immunodeficiency, post-transplant, relapsing polychondritis, Takayasu disease, temporal arteritis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Abdominal trauma, chest trauma, near drowning
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, pseudoaneurysm

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Porter, Robert (2011). The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy. Whitehouse Station, N.J: Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. ISBN 9780911910193.
  2. ↑ Santosa, F.; Schrader, S.; Nowak, T.; Luther, B.; Kröger, K.; Bufe, A. (2013). "Thoracal, abdominal and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm". Int Angiol. 32 (5): 501–5. PMID 23903309. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Singh, K.; Bønaa, KH.; Jacobsen, BK.; Bjørk, L.; Solberg, S. (2001). "Prevalence of and risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms in a population-based study : The Tromsø Study". Am J Epidemiol. 154 (3): 236–44. PMID 11479188. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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