Dyskeratosis congenita physical examination

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Physical Examination

The triad of reticulated hyperpigmentation of the skin, nail dystrophy, and leukoplakia characterizes DKC. The syndrome is clinically heterogeneous; in addition to the diagnostic mucocutaneous features and bone marrow failure, affected individuals can have a variety of other clinical features.

Skin

  • Abnormal skin pigmentation - tan to gray hyperpigmented or hypopigmented macules and patches in a mottled or reticulated pattern. Reticulated pigmentation occurs in approximately 90% of patients.
  • Poikilodermatous changes with atrophy and telangiectasia are common.
  • Alopecia of the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes
  • Premature graying of the hair
  • Hyperhidrosis
  • Hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles
  • Adermatoglyphia (loss of dermal ridges on fingers and toes).

The cutaneous presentation may clinically and histologically resemble graft versus host disease. The typical distribution involves the sun-exposed areas, including the upper trunk, neck, and face.

Eyes

Mouth

Lungs

Abdomen

Extremities

  • Nail dystrophy (ridging and longitudinal splitting) - seen in approximately 90% of patients, with fingernail involvement often preceding toenail involvement.
  • Absent nails - in advanced disease.

Neurologic

Genitals

Others

Female carriers

Female carries of DKC may have subtle clinical features. One study showed that 3 of 20 female carriers had clinical features that included a single dystrophic nail, a patch of hypopigmentation, or mild leukoplakia.

Mucosal findings

Other mucosal sites may be involved (e.g., esophagus, urethral meatus, glans penis, lacrimal duct, conjunctiva, vagina, anus).

References


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