High density lipoprotein causes
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High Density Lipoprotein Microchapters |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aarti Narayan, M.B.B.S [2]; Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [3]
Causes
- HDL cholesterol is a positive cardiac risk factor if
- HDL < 35 mg/dL
- Total cholesterol to HDL ratio in > 5.0 (in men)
- Total cholesterol to HDL ratio in > 4.5 (in women)
- Negative cardiac risk factor if HDL > 60 mg/dL
Decreased
- Apolipoprotein deficiency: Hypoalphalipoproteinemia can be of three types.
- Impaired synthesis of apo A-1: apo A-I deficiency, apo A-1/C-3 deficiency, apo A-1 structural variants
- Increased catabolism: familial HDL deficiency or Tangier disease
- Enzymatic changes: genetic, reduced activity of lipoprotein lipase, insulin resistance
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Drugs
- Elevated CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) activity: Polymorphism of the gene TaqIB (CETP gene) is known to be associated with variations in the plasma concentrations of CETP. A gene variant called TaqIB1 is associated with a higher CETP concentration and lower HDL-C levels in the plasma. Two other mutations that result in similar findings are A373P and R451Q.
Increased
- Drugs
- Moderate alcohol intake
- Regular aerobic exercise
- Weight loss