Ebola
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| style="background:#Template:Taxobox colour;"|Ebola virus | ||||||||
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| style="background:#Template:Taxobox colour;" | Virus classification | ||||||||
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| Type species | ||||||||
| Zaïre Ebolavirus | ||||||||
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Reston Ebolavirus |
| Ebola | ||
| ICD-10 | A98.4 | |
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| ICD-9 | 065.8 | |
| DiseasesDB | 18043 | |
| MedlinePlus | 001339 | |
| MeSH | C02.782.417.415 | |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Ebola Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Postmortem Care |
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Case Studies |
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Ebola On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Ebola |
Overview
Classification
Historical Perspective
Pathophysiology
Epidemiology & Demographics
Risk Factors
Causes
Differentiating Ebola
Natural history, Complications, and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory tests | Case Studies
Treatment
Medical therapy | Primary prevention | Secondary prevention | Financial costs | Future therapies
Viral reservoirs
Despite numerous studies, the wildlife reservoir of Ebolavirus has not been identified. Between 1976 and 1998, from 30,000 mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and arthropods sampled from outbreak regions, no Ebolavirus was detected [1] apart from some genetic material found in six rodents (Mus setulosus and Praomys species) and a shrew (Sylvisorex ollula) collected from the Central African Republic in 1998.[2] Ebolavirus was detected in the carcasses of gorillas, chimpanzees and duikers during outbreaks in 2001 and 2003 (the carcasses were the source of the initial human infections) but the high mortality from infection in these species precludes them from acting as reservoirs.[1]
Plants, arthropods, and birds have also been considered as reservoirs, however bats are considered the most likely candidate[3]. Bats were known to reside in the cotton factory in which the index cases for the 1976 and 1979 outbreaks were employed and have also been implicated in Marburg infections in 1975 and 1980.[1] Of 24 plant species and 19 vertebrate species experimentally inoculated with Ebolavirus, only bats became infected.[4] The absence of clinical signs in these bats is characteristic of a reservoir species. In 2002-03, a survey of 1,030 animals from Gabon and the Republic of the Congo including 679 bats found Ebolavirus RNA in 13 fruit bats (Hyspignathus monstrosus, Epomops franquetti and Myonycteris torquata).[5] Bats are also known to be the reservoirs for a number of related viruses including Nipah virus, Hendra virus and lyssaviruses.
Recent outbreaks
As of August 30, 2007, 103 people (100 adults and three children) were infected by a suspected hemorrhagic fever outbreak in the village of Mweka, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The outbreak started after the funerals of two village chiefs, and 217 people in four villages fell ill. The World Health Organization sent a team to take blood samples for analysis and confirmed that many of the cases are the result of the Ebola virus [6]. The Congo's last major Ebola epidemic killed 245 people in 1995 in Kikwit, about 200 miles from the source of the Aug. 2007 outbreak.[7]
On November 30, 2007, the Uganda Ministry of Health confirmed an outbreak of Ebola in the Bundibugyo District. After confirmation of samples tested by the United States National Reference Laboratories and the Centers for Disease Control, the World Health Organization confirmed the presence of a new species of the Ebola virus.[8] The epidemic came to an official end on February 20, 2008. 149 cases of this new strain were reported and 37 of those led to deaths.
See also
- Dr. Ngoy Mushola
- Needle remover
- Sharps waste
- Bolivian haemorrhagic fever
- Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF)
- Marburg haemorrhagic fever, the first known disease caused by a filovirus
- Dr. Matthew Lukwiya (1957-Dec 5, 2000), A Ugandan doctor at the forefront of the 2000 outbreak.
- Dr. Jonah Kule, (-Dec 4, 2007)
- VHFs
- Epidemiology
- Bushmeat
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Pourrut, Xavier (2005). "The natural history of Ebola virus in Africa". Microbes and Infection. 7 (7–8): 1005–1014. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2005.04.006. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Morvan, Jaques (1999). "Identification of Ebola virus sequences present as RNA or DNA in organs of terrestrial small mammals of the Central African Republic". Microbes and Infection. 1 (14): 1193–1201. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(99)00242-7. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ "Fruit bats may carry Ebola virus". BBC News. 2005-12-11. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
- ↑ Swanepoel, R (1996). "Experimental inoculation of plants and animals with Ebola virus". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2: 321–325. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Leroy, Eric (2005). "Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus". Nature. 438: 575–576. doi:10.1038/438575a. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ "Ebola Outbreak Confirmed in Congo". NewScientist.com. 2007-09-11. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
- ↑ "Mystery DR Congo fever kills 100". BBC News. 2007-08-31. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
- ↑ "Uganda: Deadly Ebola Outbreak Confirmed - UN". UN News Service. 2007-11-30. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
External links
Overviews
- Database entry on genus Ebolavirus - ICTVdB
- Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever - Proceedings of an International Colloquium on Ebola Virus Infection and Other Haemorrhagic Fevers held in Antwerp, Belgium, 6-8 December, 1977
- Questions and Answers about Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever - Center for Disease Control (CDC), retrieved 10 July 2006
- WHO Factsheet - retrieved 10 July 2006
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC) - Information concerning Ebola vaccine research studies
Outbreaks
- Ebola outbreak in Congo - CBC News, 12 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
- Ebola 'kills over 5,000 gorillas' - BBC News, 8 December 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-08.
- History of Ebola Outbreaks - Centers for Disease Control Special Pathogens Branch, retrieved 2006-07-10.
- Infection Control for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers in the African Health Care Setting - Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, December 1998.
- Filovirus Global Symposium - Filomeeting 2008
Life Cycle
- Biomarker Database - information on Ebola
Infectivity
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases: Gene-Specific Ebola Therapies Protect Nonhuman Primates from Lethal Disease
- Lethal experimental infection of rhesus monkeys with Ebola-Zaire (Mayinga) virus by the oral and conjunctival route of exposure PubMed, February 1996, Jaax et al.
- Lethal experimental infections of rhesus monkeys by aerosolized Ebola and marburg virus PubMed, August 1995
- Marburg and Ebola viruses as aerosol threats PubMed, 2004, USAMRIID
- Other viral bioweapons: Ebola and Marburg hemorrhag fever PubMed, 2004
- Transmission of Ebola virus (Zaire strain) to uninfected control monkeys in a biocontainment laboratory PubMed, December 1993
- What is the probability of a dangerous strain of Ebola mutating and becoming airborne? Brett Russel, retrieved 2006-07-10.