Multiple sclerosis risk factors

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Overview

Risk Factors

Common environmental risk factors in the development of multiple sclerosis are smoking[1], genetic[2], ethnic[3], occupational exposures and toxins, physical environment and stress.[4]

smoking

various studies showed that smoking, beside cardiovascular diseases and cancer, can be a risk factor of multiple sclerosis.[1][5]

Genetic

Some studies demonstrate that MS has a strong genetic base. The first degree family of a MS patient is at 10-25 times greater risk than normal population, so genetically susceptible people are more likely to developed MS disease.[6][2]

ethnic

MS prevalence is lower in African Americans, Mexicans, Japanese, Chinese and Filipinos people rather than white men.[3]

sex

Prevalence of MS disease is higher in female. This can be hormone related or more susceptibility to environmental risk factors.[7][8]

Epstein-Barr virus

Patients affected with Epstein-Barr virus seems to be more susceptible to developing MS. Studies shows that high titer of EBV antibodies is a risk factor for MS disease.[9][10]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Riise T, Nortvedt MW, Ascherio A (October 2003). "Smoking is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis". Neurology. 61 (8): 1122–4. PMID 14581676.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Sadovnick AD, Baird PA, Ward RH (March 1988). "Multiple sclerosis: updated risks for relatives". Am. J. Med. Genet. 29 (3): 533–41. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320290310. PMID 3376997.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Kurtzke JF, Beebe GW, Norman JE (September 1979). "Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in U.S. veterans: 1. Race, sex, and geographic distribution". Neurology. 29 (9 Pt 1): 1228–35. PMID 573402.
  4. Coo H, Aronson KJ (2004). "A systematic review of several potential non-genetic risk factors for multiple sclerosis". Neuroepidemiology. 23 (1–2): 1–12. doi:10.1159/000073969. PMID 14739563.
  5. Hernán MA, Olek MJ, Ascherio A (July 2001). "Cigarette smoking and incidence of multiple sclerosis". Am. J. Epidemiol. 154 (1): 69–74. PMID 11427406.
  6. Robertson NP, Fraser M, Deans J, Clayton D, Walker N, Compston DA (April 1996). "Age-adjusted recurrence risks for relatives of patients with multiple sclerosis". Brain. 119 ( Pt 2): 449–55. PMID 8800940.
  7. Orton SM, Herrera BM, Yee IM, Valdar W, Ramagopalan SV, Sadovnick AD, Ebers GC (November 2006). "Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in Canada: a longitudinal study". Lancet Neurol. 5 (11): 932–6. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70581-6. PMID 17052660.
  8. Whitacre CC (September 2001). "Sex differences in autoimmune disease". Nat. Immunol. 2 (9): 777–80. doi:10.1038/ni0901-777. PMID 11526384.
  9. Sundström P, Juto P, Wadell G, Hallmans G, Svenningsson A, Nyström L, Dillner J, Forsgren L (June 2004). "An altered immune response to Epstein-Barr virus in multiple sclerosis: a prospective study". Neurology. 62 (12): 2277–82. PMID 15210894.
  10. Levin LI, Munger KL, Rubertone MV, Peck CA, Lennette ET, Spiegelman D, Ascherio A (May 2005). "Temporal relationship between elevation of epstein-barr virus antibody titers and initial onset of neurological symptoms in multiple sclerosis". JAMA. 293 (20): 2496–500. doi:10.1001/jama.293.20.2496. PMID 15914750.

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