|
|
Line 10: |
Line 10: |
| {{Concussion}} | | {{Concussion}} |
|
| |
|
| ==Dementia pugilistica==
| |
|
| |
| {{main|Dementia pugilistica}}
| |
| Chronic [[encephalopathy]] is an example of the cumulative damage that can occur as the result of multiple concussions or less severe blows to the head. The condition called [[dementia pugilistica]], or "punch drunk" syndrome, which is associated with boxers, can result in cognitive and physical deficits such as [[parkinsonism]], speech and memory problems, slowed mental processing, tremor, and inappropriate behavior.<ref name="Mendez">
| |
| {{
| |
| cite journal |author=Mendez MF |title=The neuropsychiatric aspects of boxing |journal=International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=249–262 |year=1995 |pmid=8567192 |doi=
| |
| }}
| |
| </ref> It shares features with Alzheimer's disease.<ref name="Jordan00">
| |
| {{
| |
| cite journal |author=Jordan BD |title=Chronic traumatic brain injury associated with boxing |journal=Seminars in Neurology |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=179–85 |year=2000 |pmid=10946737 |doi=10.1055/s-2000-9826
| |
| }}
| |
| </ref>
| |
|
| |
| ===Second-impact syndrome===
| |
| {{main|Second-impact syndrome}}
| |
| Second-impact syndrome, in which the brain swells dangerously after a minor blow, may occur in very rare cases. The condition may develop in people who receive a second blow days or weeks after an initial concussion, before its symptoms have gone away.<ref name="Bowen03"/> No one is certain of the cause of this often fatal complication, but it is commonly thought that the swelling occurs because the brain's [[arteriole]]s lose the ability to regulate their diameter, causing a loss of control over cerebral blood flow.<ref name=moser/> As the brain [[swelling|swells]], intracranial pressure rapidly rises.<ref name="CookSchweer"/> The brain can [[brain herniation|herniate]], and the brain stem can fail within five minutes.<ref name="Bowen03"/> Except in boxing, all cases have occurred in athletes under age 20.<ref name="Team"/> Due to the very small number of documented cases, the diagnosis is controversial, and doubt exists about its validity.<ref name=McCroryP01>
| |
| {{
| |
| cite journal|author=McCrory P |date=2001 |title=Does second impact syndrome exist? |journal=Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=144–149 |pmid=11495318
| |
| }}
| |
| </ref>
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Related Chapters== | | ==Related Chapters== |