Cyanosis pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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==Genetics, Associated Conditions, Gross Pathology, Microscopic Pathology== | ==Genetics, Associated Conditions, Gross Pathology, Microscopic Pathology== | ||
For the details of the genetics, associated conditions, gross and microscopic pathology of the following causes of cyanosis, click the links below. | For the details of the genetics, associated conditions, gross and microscopic pathology of the following causes of cyanosis, click the links below. | ||
*Tetralogy of Fallot | *[[Tetralogy of Fallot]] | ||
*Tricuspid atresia | *[[Tricuspid atresia]] | ||
*Ebstein's anomaly | *[[Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve|Ebstein's anomaly]] | ||
*Tricuspid stenosis | *[[Tricuspid stenosis]] | ||
*Transposition of great arteries (TGA) | *[[Transposition of the great vessels|Transposition of great arteries]] ([[TGA]]) | ||
*Pulmonary stenosis | *[[Pulmonary valve stenosis|Pulmonary stenosis]] | ||
*Truncus arteriosus | *[[Truncus arteriosus]] | ||
*TAPVC | *[[Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection|TAPVC]] | ||
*Coarctation of aorta | *[[Aortic coarctation|Coarctation of aorta]] | ||
*Aortic stenosis | *[[Aortic stenosis]] | ||
*HLHS (Spectrum of hypoplastic left heart syndrome) | *[[Eisenmenger's syndrome]] | ||
*Left-sided heart failure | *[[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome|HLHS]] (Spectrum of hypoplastic left heart syndrome) | ||
*Acute chest | *Left-sided [[Congestive heart failure|heart failure]] | ||
*Pneumothorax | *[[Acute chest syndrome]] | ||
*Foreign body aspiration | *[[Pneumothorax]] | ||
*Carbon monoxide poisoning | *[[Pulmonary aspiration|Foreign body aspiration]] | ||
*Hydrogen cyanide poisoning | *[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]] | ||
*Croup | *Hydrogen [[cyanide poisoning]] | ||
*[[Croup]] | |||
*Bacterial tracheitis | *Bacterial tracheitis | ||
*Hemothorax | *[[Hemothorax]] | ||
*Pneumonia | *[[Pneumonia]] | ||
*Asthma | *[[Asthma]] | ||
*COPD | *[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]] | ||
*Bronchiolitis | *[[Bronchiolitis]] | ||
*Respiratory distress syndrome (Hyaline membrane disease) | *[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|Respiratory distress syndrome]] (Hyaline membrane disease) | ||
*Empyema | *[[Empyema]] | ||
*Pleural effusion | *[[Pleural effusion]] | ||
*Cystic fibrosis | *[[Cystic fibrosis]] | ||
*Atelectasis | *[[Atelectasis]] | ||
*Bronchopulmonary dysplasia | *[[Bronchopulmonary dysplasia]] | ||
*Alveolar capillary dysplasia | *[[Alveolar capillary dysplasia]] | ||
*Pulmonary embolism | *[[Pulmonary embolism]] | ||
*Pulmonary hypertension | *[[Pulmonary hypertension]] | ||
*High Altitude | *[[Altitude sickness|High Altitude]] | ||
*Intracranial hemorrhage | *[[Intracranial hemorrhage]] | ||
*Seizures | *[[Seizure|Seizures]] | ||
*Choanal atresia | *[[Choanal atresia]] | ||
*Micrognathia or retrognathia | *[[Micrognathism|Micrognathia]] or [[Retrognathism|retrognathia]] | ||
*Laryngomalacia | *[[Laryngomalacia]] | ||
*Congenital diaphragmatic hernia | *Congenital [[diaphragmatic hernia]] | ||
*Myasthenia gravis | *[[Myasthenia gravis]] | ||
*Apnea of prematurity | *[[Apnea of prematurity]] | ||
*Obstructive sleep apnea | *[[Sleep apnea|Obstructive sleep apnea]] | ||
* | *[[Pulmonary edema]] | ||
*[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]] | |||
*Pulmonary hemorrhage | *[[Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation]] | ||
* | *[[Methemoglobinemia]] (congenital or acquired) | ||
*[[Sulfhemoglobinemia]] | |||
*Methemoglobinemia (congenital or acquired) | *[[Polycythemia vera]] | ||
*Sulfhemoglobinemia | *[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]] | ||
*Polycythemia vera | *[[Shock]] | ||
*Disseminated intravascular coagulation | *[[Sepsis]] | ||
*Shock | *[[Amniotic fluid embolism]] | ||
*Sepsis | *[[Hypothermia|Cold exposure]] | ||
*Amniotic fluid embolism | *[[Acrocyanosis]] | ||
*Cold exposure | *[[Raynaud's phenomenon]] | ||
*Acrocyanosis | *[[Raynaud's disease]] | ||
*Raynaud's phenomenon | *[[Peripheral arterial disease|Peripheral vascular disease]] | ||
*Raynaud's disease | *[[Buergers disease]] | ||
*Peripheral vascular disease | *[[Deep vein thrombosis]] | ||
*Buergers disease | *[[Superior vena cava syndrome]] | ||
*Deep vein thrombosis | |||
*Superior vena cava syndrome | |||
Revision as of 22:07, 5 March 2018
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Cyanosis Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Cyanosis pathophysiology On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Cyanosis pathophysiology |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Cyanosis pathophysiology |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]
Overview
The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
OR
It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
OR
[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
OR
Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
OR
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
OR
The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
OR
The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
Pathophysiology
- Cyanosis occurs due to following mechanisms:
- Based on these mechanisms cyanosis can be either central or peripheral.
- Central cyanosis:
- Caused by reduced arterial oxygen saturation or presence of abnormal hemoglobin derivatives (methemoglobin or sulfhemoglobin).
- The increased amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin is the result of either increased amount of venous admixture or reduced capillary arterial oxygen tension.
- Central cyanosis is obvious when the systemic arterial deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration in the blood exceeds 5 g/dL (oxygen saturation ≤85 percent).
- Peripheral cyanosis:
- In peripheral cyanosis, systemic arterial oxygen saturation is normal.
- Increased oxygen extraction by tissues causes wide systemic arteriovenous oxygen difference and increased deoxygenated blood on the venous side of the capillary beds in the setting of peripheral vasoconstriction.
- The increased oxygen extraction by tissues results from the sluggish movement of blood through the capillary circulation.
Genetics, Associated Conditions, Gross Pathology, Microscopic Pathology
For the details of the genetics, associated conditions, gross and microscopic pathology of the following causes of cyanosis, click the links below.
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Tricuspid atresia
- Ebstein's anomaly
- Tricuspid stenosis
- Transposition of great arteries (TGA)
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Truncus arteriosus
- TAPVC
- Coarctation of aorta
- Aortic stenosis
- Eisenmenger's syndrome
- HLHS (Spectrum of hypoplastic left heart syndrome)
- Left-sided heart failure
- Acute chest syndrome
- Pneumothorax
- Foreign body aspiration
- Carbon monoxide poisoning
- Hydrogen cyanide poisoning
- Croup
- Bacterial tracheitis
- Hemothorax
- Pneumonia
- Asthma
- COPD
- Bronchiolitis
- Respiratory distress syndrome (Hyaline membrane disease)
- Empyema
- Pleural effusion
- Cystic fibrosis
- Atelectasis
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- Alveolar capillary dysplasia
- Pulmonary embolism
- Pulmonary hypertension
- High Altitude
- Intracranial hemorrhage
- Seizures
- Choanal atresia
- Micrognathia or retrognathia
- Laryngomalacia
- Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
- Myasthenia gravis
- Apnea of prematurity
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Pulmonary edema
- Pulmonary hemorrhage
- Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation
- Methemoglobinemia (congenital or acquired)
- Sulfhemoglobinemia
- Polycythemia vera
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- Shock
- Sepsis
- Amniotic fluid embolism
- Cold exposure
- Acrocyanosis
- Raynaud's phenomenon
- Raynaud's disease
- Peripheral vascular disease
- Buergers disease
- Deep vein thrombosis
- Superior vena cava syndrome