Large cell carcinoma of the lung overview: Difference between revisions
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==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
Large cell lung cancer accounts for 5% and 10% of all lung cancers. Other subtypes of large cell carcinoma of the lung, such as large cell neureoendocrine carcinoma and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma are rare, and represent only 1-3% of lung cancers.Large cell carcinoma of the lung accounts for less than 2% of all cancer deaths. The incidence of large cell carcinoma of the lung increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is approximately 60 years.<ref name="pmid25822850">{{cite journal |vauthors=Meza R, Meernik C, Jeon J, Cote ML |title=Lung cancer incidence trends by gender, race and histology in the United States, 1973-2010 |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=e0121323 |year=2015 |pmid=25822850 |pmc=4379166 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0121323 |url=}}</ref> Large cell carcinoma of the lung is most frequently diagnosed among people among 55 to 65 years old. Males are more commonly affected with large cell carcinoma of the lung than females. Asian race has a higher incidence of lymphoepithelioma-like large lung cell carcinoma compared to the white race. | Large cell lung cancer accounts for 5% and 10% of all lung cancers. Other subtypes of large cell carcinoma of the lung, such as large cell neureoendocrine carcinoma and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma are rare, and represent only 1-3% of lung cancers. Large cell carcinoma of the lung accounts for less than 2% of all cancer deaths. The incidence of large cell carcinoma of the lung increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is approximately 60 years.<ref name="pmid25822850">{{cite journal |vauthors=Meza R, Meernik C, Jeon J, Cote ML |title=Lung cancer incidence trends by gender, race and histology in the United States, 1973-2010 |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=e0121323 |year=2015 |pmid=25822850 |pmc=4379166 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0121323 |url=}}</ref> Large cell carcinoma of the lung is most frequently diagnosed among people among 55 to 65 years old. Males are more commonly affected with large cell carcinoma of the lung than females. Asian race has a higher incidence of lymphoepithelioma-like large lung cell carcinoma compared to the white race. | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Revision as of 16:24, 8 March 2016
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Large Cell Carcinoma of the Lung Microchapters |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [2]
Overview
Large cell carcinoma of the lung (LCC) is a type of non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, that accounts for 5% and 10% of all lung cancers. Large cell carcinoma of the lung has a moderate causal association with smoking. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), large cell carcinoma of the lung can be classified into 6 sub-types: giant-cell carcinoma of the lung, basaloid large cell carcinoma of the lung, clear cell carcinoma of the lung, lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung, large-cell lung carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype, and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung. Large cell carcinoma of the lung arises from the epithelial cells of the lung, which are usually involved in the lining of the airways. The pathological irritation causes the mucus-secreting ciliated pseudostratified columnar respiratory epithelial cells to be replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. Large cell carcinoma of the lung has a peripheral location, and usually appears as a well-circumcised mass attached to the thoracic wall. Large cell carcinoma of the lung is a rapidly growing cancer. The histologic subtype of large cell neuroendocrine tumor is related with a more aggressive presentation. Genes involved in the pathogenesis of large cell carcinoma of the lung include several oncogenes, such as: EGFR, EML-4, KRAS, HER2, and ALK. On gross pathology, large cell carcinoma of the lung is characterized by well-defined borders, spherical morphology, homogeneous gray-white surface, and bulging appearance. On micropathology, large cell carcinoma of the lung is characterized by the larger size of the anaplastic cells, a higher cytoplasmic-to-nuclear size ratio, and a lack of "salt-and-pepper" chromatin. On immunohistochemistry characteristic features, include: loss of staining with CK5/6, and positive immunoreactivity to EGFR, PDGFR-alpha, and c-kit.
Historical Perspective
In 1950, "The British Doctors Study" was the first solid epidemiological evidence of the link between lung cancer and smoking.[1]
Classification
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), large cell carcinoma of the lung can be classified into 6 sub-types: giant-cell carcinoma of the lung, basaloid large cell carcinoma of the lung, clear cell carcinoma of the lung, lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung, large-cell lung carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype, and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung
Pathophysiology
Large cell carcinoma of the lung arises from the epithelial cells of the lung, which are usually involved in the lining of the airways. The pathological irritation causes the mucus-secreting ciliated pseudostratified columnar respiratory epithelial cells to be replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. Large cell carcinoma of the lung has a peripheral location, and usually appears as a well-circumcised mass attached to the thoracic wall. Large cell carcinoma of the lung is a rapidly growing cancer. The histologic subtype of large cell neuroendocrine tumor is related with a more aggressive presentation. Genes involved in the pathogenesis of large cell carcinoma of the lung include several oncogenes, such as: EGFR, EML-4, KRAS, HER2, and ALK. On gross pathology, large cell carcinoma of the lung is characterized by well-defined borders, spherical morphology, homogeneous gray-white surface, and bulging appearance. On micropathology, large cell carcinoma of the lung is characterized by the larger size of the anaplastic cells, a higher cytoplasmic-to-nuclear size ratio, and a lack of "salt-and-pepper" chromatin. On immunohistochemistry characteristic features, include: loss of staining with CK5/6, and positive immunoreactivity to EGFR, PDGFR-alpha, and c-kit.
Causes
The most important cause in the development of large cell carcinoma of the lung is cigarette smoking.
Differentiating Large Cell Carcinoma of the Lung from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Large cell lung cancer accounts for 5% and 10% of all lung cancers. Other subtypes of large cell carcinoma of the lung, such as large cell neureoendocrine carcinoma and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma are rare, and represent only 1-3% of lung cancers. Large cell carcinoma of the lung accounts for less than 2% of all cancer deaths. The incidence of large cell carcinoma of the lung increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is approximately 60 years.[2] Large cell carcinoma of the lung is most frequently diagnosed among people among 55 to 65 years old. Males are more commonly affected with large cell carcinoma of the lung than females. Asian race has a higher incidence of lymphoepithelioma-like large lung cell carcinoma compared to the white race.
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Staging
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Chest X Ray
CT
MRI
Ultrasound
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Biopsy
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
References
- ↑ Miller YE (2005). "Pathogenesis of lung cancer: 100 year report". Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 33 (3): 216–23. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2005-0158OE. PMC 2715312. PMID 16107574.
- ↑ Meza R, Meernik C, Jeon J, Cote ML (2015). "Lung cancer incidence trends by gender, race and histology in the United States, 1973-2010". PLoS ONE. 10 (3): e0121323. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121323. PMC 4379166. PMID 25822850.