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| {{Infobox Disease | | | __NOTOC__ |
| Name = Eye neoplasm |
| | {{Eye neoplasm}} |
| Image = |
| | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{RAK}} |
| Caption = |
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| DiseasesDB = |
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| ICD10 = {{ICD10|C|69||c|69}} |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|190}} |
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| ICDO = |
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| OMIM = |
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| MedlinePlus = |
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| eMedicineSubj = |
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| eMedicineTopic = |
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| MeshID = D005134 |
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| }} | |
| {{SI}} | |
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| {{CMG}} | | {{SK}} Eye neoplasm; eye cancer |
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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| '''Ocular oncology''' is the branch of [[medicine]] dealing with [[tumors]] relating to the [[human eye|eye]] and its [[adnexa]]. '''Eye cancer''' can affect all parts of the [[human eye|eye]].
| | [[Ocular oncology]] is the branch of [[medicine]] dealing with [[tumors]] relating to the [[Human eye|eye]] and its [[adnexa]]. [[Cancer]] of the [[eye]] is very rare; however, the most common [[neoplasm]] of the eye is [[ocular]] [[melanoma]]. Eye cancer can affect all parts of the [[Human eye|eye]]. |
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| ==Eye cancer== | | ==Classification== |
| ===Origin and location===
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| Eye cancers can be primary (starts within the eye) and [[metastasis|metastatic cancer]] (spread to the eye from another organ). The two most common cancers that spread to the eye from another organ are [[breast cancer]] and [[lung cancer]]. Other less common sites of origin include the [[prostate]], [[kidney]], [[thyroid]], [[skin]], [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]] and [[leukemia|blood or bone marrow]].
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| ===Types===
| | * The most common intraocular cancer in adults is uveal metastases |
| {{Unreferenced section|date=September 2010}}
| | *'''Melanoma''' is the most common type of primary intraocular cancer in adults |
| Tumors in the eye and orbit can be [[benign]] like [[dermoid cyst]]s, or [[malignant]] like [[rhabdomyosarcoma]] and [[retinoblastoma]]. | | **Uveal melanoma |
| | **Can occur in the [[choroid]], [[Iris (anatomy)|iris]] and [[ciliary body]] |
| | * '''Intraocular lymphoma''' is lymphoma that begins in the eyeball |
| | ** consider intraocular lymphoma to be a type of central nervous system lymphoma. Most intraocular lymphomas are non-Hodgkin lymphoma. |
| | * Retinoblastoma is a rare form of childhood eye cancer. |
| | * Hemangioma is a benign tumor of the choroid and retina that starts in the blood vessels. |
| | * Conjunctival melanoma is a tumor of the conjunctiva |
| | * Eyelid carcinoma (basal or squamous cell) is a variation of skin cancer. |
| | * '''Lacrimal gland tumor''' is a benign or malignant tumor of the glands that produce tears |
| | *Tumors in the eye and orbit can be |
| | **[[Benign]] like [[dermoid cyst]]s, or |
| | **[[Malignant]] like [[rhabdomyosarcoma]] and [[retinoblastoma]] |
| | * Most common '''eyelid''' tumor is [[basal cell carcinoma]] |
| | ** Can grow around the eye but rarely spreads to other parts of the body |
| | ** Other common eyelid cancers are [[squamous carcinoma]], sebaceous carcinoma and [[malignant melanoma]] |
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| ====Malignant====
| | * Most common malignant '''intraocular''' tumor in '''children''' is [[retinoblastoma]] |
| The most common eyelid tumor is called [[basal cell carcinoma]]. This tumor can grow around the eye but rarely spreads to other parts of the body. Other types of common eyelid cancers include [[squamous carcinoma]], [[sebaceous carcinoma]] and [[malignant melanoma]]. The most common orbital malignancy is ''orbital lymphoma''. This tumor can be diagnosed by biopsy with histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis. Most patients with orbital lymphoma can be offered [[chemotherapy]] or [[radiation therapy]].
| | ** Affecting approximately 325 children per year in North America |
| | ** Early detection has allowed for cures exceeding 95% |
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| =====Adults===== | | ===Choroidal tumors=== |
| *The most common malignant primary [[wikt:intraocular|intraocular]] tumor in adults is [[uveal melanoma]]. These tumors can occur in the [[choroid]], [[Iris (anatomy)|iris]] and [[ciliary body]]. The latter are sometimes called iris or [[ciliary body melanoma]]. | | * Choroidal [[hemangioma]] |
| *The next most common is primary [[intraocular lymphoma]] (PIOL) which is usually non-Hodgkin’s, large cell lymphoma of the B-cell type, although T cell lymphomas have also been described.
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| =====Children=====
| | * Choroidal [[melanoma]] |
| *The most common malignant intraocular tumor in children is [[retinoblastoma]], affecting approximately 325 children per year in North America. Early detection has allowed for cures exceeding 95%.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kim JW, Abramson DH, Dunkel IJ | title = Current management strategies for intraocular retinoblastoma | journal = Drugs | year = 2007 | volume = 67 | issue = 15 | pages = 2173–2185 | pmid = 17927283}}</ref> | |
| *The second most common is [[medulloepithelioma]] (also called diktyoma) which can occur in the ciliary body and the uvea of the eye.
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| ====Benign====
| | * Choroidal [[metastasis]] |
| [[Orbit (anatomy)|Orbital]] [[dermoid cyst]]s are benign [[wikt:choristoma|choristomas]] which are typically found at the junction of sutures, most commonly at the fronto-zygomatic suture. Large deep orbital dermoid cysts can cause pressure effects on the muscles and optic nerve, leading to diplopia and loss of vision. | |
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| ==Signs and symptoms==
| | * Choroidal [[nevus]] |
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| * Melanomas (choroidal, ciliary body and uveal) - In the early stages there may be no symptoms (the person does not know there is a tumor until an ophthalmologist or optometrist looks into the eye with an ophthalmoscope during a routine test). As the tumor grows, symptoms can be blurred vision, decreased vision, double vision, eventual vision loss and if they continue to grow the tumor can break past the retina causing retinal detachment. Sometimes the tumor can be visible through the pupil. | | * Choroidal [[osteoma]] |
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| * Nevus - Are benign, freckle in the eye. These should be checked out and regular checks on the eye done to ensure it hasn't turned into a melanoma. | | * Ciliary body [[melanoma]] |
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| * Iris and conjuctival tumors (melanomas) - Presents as a dark spot. Any spot which continues to grow on the iris and the conjunctiva should be checked out. | | * The [[nevus of Ota]] |
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| * Retinoblastoma - Strabismus (crossed eyes), a whitish or yellowish glow through the pupil, decreasing/loss of vision, sometimes the eye may be red and painful. Retinoblastoma can occur in one or both eyes. This tumor occurs in babies and young children. It is called RB for short. Check photographs, normal healthy eyes would have the red eye reflex, but a white/yellow dot instead of the red eye reflex can indicate a tumor or some other kind of eye disease. Any photos of a child/children which have a white/yellow dot instead of the red eye reflex should be checked out.
| | ===Conjunctival tumors=== |
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| ==Treatment==
| | * Conjunctival [[Kaposi's sarcoma]] |
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| * [[Laser therapy]] | | * Epibulbar [[dermoid]] |
| * [[Plaque therapy]]
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| * [[Radiotherapy]]
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| * [[Enucleation of the Eye]] - Removal of the eye, but the muscles and eyelids are left intact. An implant is inserted, then the person wears a conformer shield and later the person will have their prosthesis made and fitted (the prosthesis is made by someone called an ocularist and is made to look like their real eye)
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| * [[Evisceration (ophthalmology)|Evisceration]] - Removal of the eye contents, leaving the sclera or the white part of the eye.
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| * [[Exenteration]] - Removal of the eye, all orbital contents, which can involve the eyelids as well. A special prosthesis is made to cover the defect and improve appearance.
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| * [[Iridectomy]] - Removal of the affected piece of the iris | | * [[Malignant]] [[conjunctival tumors]] |
| * [[Choroidectomy]] - Removal of the choroid layer (the vascular tissue sandwiched between the sclera and the retina)
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| * [[Iridocyclectomy]] - Removal of the iris plus the ciliary body muscle.
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| * [[Eyewall resection]] - Cutting into the eye to remove a tumor e.g. melanoma. This operation can be quite difficult to perform.
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| * [[Chemotherapy]]
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| ==Classification==
| | * [[Lymphoma]] of the conjunctiva |
| ===Choroidal tumors===
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| * Choroidal [[hemangioma]]<ref name="urlChoroidal Hemangioma - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=61&Category=Choroidal+Tumors&Condition=Choroidal+Hemangioma |title=Choroidal Hemangioma - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> | |
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| * Choroidal [[melanoma]]<ref name="urlChoroidal Melanoma - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=62&Category=Choroidal+Tumors&Condition=Choroidal+Melanoma |title=Choroidal Melanoma - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> | | * [[Melanoma]] and [[primary acquired melanosis|PAM]] with [[atypia]] |
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| * Choroidal [[metastasis]]<ref name="urlChoroidal Metastasis - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=59&Category=Choroidal+Tumors&Condition=Choroidal+Metastasis |title=Choroidal Metastasis - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> | | * [[Pigmented conjunctival tumors]] |
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| * Choroidal [[nevus]]<ref name="urlChoroidal Nevus - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=60&Category=Choroidal+Tumors&Condition=Choroidal+Nevus |title=Choroidal Nevus - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> | | * [[Pingueculum]] |
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| * Choroidal [[osteoma]]<ref name="urlChoroidal Osteoma - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=33&Category=Choroidal+Tumors&Condition=Choroidal+Osteoma |title=Choroidal Osteoma - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> | | * [[Pterygium]] |
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| * Ciliary body [[melanoma]]<ref name="urlCiliary Body Melanoma - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=69&Category=Choroidal+Tumors&Condition=Ciliary+Body+Melanoma |title=Ciliary Body Melanoma - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> | | * [[Squamous carcinoma]] and [[intraepithelial neoplasia]] of the conjunctiva |
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| * The [[nevus of Ota]]<ref name="urlThe Nevus of Ota - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=34&Category=Choroidal+Tumors&Condition=The+Nevus+of+Ota |title=The Nevus of Ota - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref>
| | == Risk Factors == |
| | [[Risk factor|Risk factors]] that increase the chance of suffering from [[cancer]] of the [[eye]] include: |
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| ===Conjunctival tumors===
| | * Exposure to [[sun]] or tanning beds |
| [[File:Conjunctival carcinoma - 6.jpg|thumb|right|Advanced conjunctival carcinoma protruding through the palpebral fissure.]] | | ** Increase risk of [[eyelid]] [[Carcinoma|carcinomas]] or [[Melanoma|melanomas]] |
| * Conjunctival [[Kaposi's sarcoma]]<ref name="urlConjunctival Kaposis Sarcoma - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=43&Category=Conjunctival+Tumors&Condition=Conjunctival+Kaposi%27s+Sarcoma |title=Conjunctival Kaposi's Sarcoma - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> | | * Exposure to certain [[Virus|viruses]] |
| | | **[[Human papilloma virus]] may increase the risk of [[squamous cell carcinoma]] of [[conjunctiva]] |
| * Epibulbar [[dermoid]]<ref name="urlEpibulbar Dermoid - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=73&Category=Conjunctival+Tumors&Condition=Epibulbar+Dermoid |title=Epibulbar Dermoid - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> | |
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| * [[Malignant]] [[conjunctival tumors]]<ref name="urlGeneral Information: Malignant Conjunctival Tumors - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=35&Category=Conjunctival+Tumors&Condition=General+Information%3a+Malignant+Conjunctival+Tumors |title=General Information: Malignant Conjunctival Tumors - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> | |
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| * [[Lymphoma]] of the conjunctiva<ref name="urlLymphoma of the Conjunctiva - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=42&Category=Conjunctival+Tumors&Condition=Lymphoma+of+the+Conjunctiva |title=Lymphoma of the Conjunctiva - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref>
| | ==Diagnosis== |
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| * [[Melanoma]] and [[primary acquired melanosis|PAM]] with [[atypia]]<ref name="urlMelanoma and PAM with Atypia - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=37&Category=Conjunctival+Tumors&Condition=Melanoma+and+PAM+with+Atypia |title=Melanoma and PAM with Atypia - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> | | * [[Melanomas]] ([[choroidal]], [[ciliary body]] and [[uveal]]) - In the early stages there may be no symptoms (the person does not know there is a tumor until an [[ophthalmologist]] or [[optometrist]] looks into the eye with an [[ophthalmoscope]] during a routine test). As the tumor grows, symptoms can be blurred vision, decreased vision, [[double vision]], eventual vision loss and if they continue to grow the [[tumor]] can break past the [[retina]] causing [[retinal detachment]]. Sometimes the tumor can be visible through the [[pupil]]. |
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| * [[Pigmented conjunctival tumors]]<ref name="urlPigmented Conjunctival Tumors - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=36&Category=Conjunctival+Tumors&Condition=Pigmented+Conjunctival+Tumors |title=Pigmented Conjunctival Tumors - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> | | * [[Nevus]] - Are [[benign]], [[freckle]] in the eye. These should be checked out and regular checks on the eye done to ensure it hasn't turned into a [[melanoma]]. |
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| * [[Pingueculum]]<ref name="urlPingueculum - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=71&Category=Conjunctival+Tumors&Condition=Pingueculum |title=Pingueculum - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> | | * [[Iris]] and [[conjuctival]] tumors (melanomas) - Presents as a dark spot. Any spot which continues to grow on the iris and the conjunctiva should be checked out. |
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| * [[Pterygium]]<ref name="urlPterygium - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=72&Category=Conjunctival+Tumors&Condition=Pterygium |title=Pterygium - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> | | * [[Retinoblastoma]] - [[Strabismus]] (crossed eyes), a whitish or yellowish glow through the pupil, decreasing/loss of vision, sometimes the eye may be red and painful. Retinoblastoma can occur in one or both eyes. This tumor occurs in babies and young children. It is called RB for short. Check photographs, normal healthy eyes would have the [[red eye reflex]], but a white/yellow dot instead of the red eye reflex can indicate a tumor or some other kind of eye disease. Any photos of a child/children which have a white/yellow dot instead of the red eye reflex should be checked out.<br /> |
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| * [[Squamous carcinoma]] and [[intraepithelial neoplasia]] of the conjunctiva<ref name="urlSquamous Carcinoma and Intraepithelial Neoplasia of the Conjunctiva - The Eye Cancer Network">{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecancer.com/Patient/Condition.aspx?nID=38&Category=Conjunctival+Tumors&Condition=Squamous+Carcinoma+and+Intraepithelial+Neoplasia+of+the+Conjunctiva+ |title=Squamous Carcinoma and Intraepithelial Neoplasia of the Conjunctiva - The Eye Cancer Network |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref>
| | ==Related Chapters== |
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| ==Ocular oncology==
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| Ocular [[oncology]] takes into consideration that the primary requirement for patients is preservation of life by removal of the tumor, along with best efforts directed at preservation of useful vision, followed by cosmetic appearance. The treatment of ocular tumors is generally a multi-specialty effort, requiring coordination between the ophthalmologist, medical oncologist, radiation specialist, head & neck surgeon / ENT surgeon, pediatrician/internal medicine/hospitalist and a multidisciplinary team of support staff and nurses.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[List of eye diseases and disorders]] | | *[[List of eye diseases and disorders]] |
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.tumori.org/ The Tumori Foundation]
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| * [http://seeacure.com The See A Cure Foundation. A grassroots, patient-based, eye cancer nonprofit]
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| * [http://www.eyetumor.org/ The Ocular Oncology Service]
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| * [http://eyecancer.com The Eye Cancer Network]
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| * [http://www.cancer.net/patient/Cancer+Types/Eye+Cancer Cancer.Net: Eye Cancer]
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| * [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyecancer.html Eye Cancer - Medline Plus]
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| * [http://www.eyecancermd.org/index.html Ocular Oncology - Bascom Palmer Eye Institute]
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| *{{cite web | author=William Charles Caccamise Sr | title=A photographic cache of eyelid and conjunctival malignant lesions | url=http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/atlassearch1.htm?appSession=42615655966259 | publisher=EyeRounds.org}}
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| ===Specific types===
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| * [http://www.cancer.net/patient/Cancer+Types/Eyelid+Cancer Cancer.Net: Eyelid Cancer]
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| * DeAngelis, D; Hurwitz, J. [http://www.emedicine.com/oph/topic694.htm "Lacrimal Gland Tumors."] eMedicine.com. June 8, 2005.
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| * [http://www.cancer.net/patient/Cancer+Types/Lacrimal+Gland+Tumor Cancer.Net: Lacrimal Gland Tumor]
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| * [http://www.cancer.net/patient/Cancer+Types/Retinoblastoma+-+Childhood Cancer.Net: Retinoblastoma, Childhood]
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| {{Eye tumors}} | | {{Eye tumors}} |
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| [[Category:Oncology]] | | [[Category:Oncology]] |
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| [[ar:أورام العين]]
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| [[hi:नेत्र सूजन]]
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| [[hr:Tumori oka]]
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| [[ne:आँखा सुनिंनु]]
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| [[no:Øyekreft]]
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| [[ru:Опухоли глаза]]
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| [[sh:Tumori oka]]
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| {{WH}} | | {{WH}} |
| {{WS}} | | {{WS}} |
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| | <br /> |
| | [[ru:Опухоли глаза]] |
| | [[Category:Up-To-Date]] |
| | [[Category:Oncology]] |
| | [[Category:Medicine]] |
| | [[Category:Ophthalmology]] |
| | <references /> |