Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
 
(18 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sujaya}}


==Overview==
== Overview ==
== Epidemiology and Demographics ==
The long-term circulation dynamics are characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns.[[Epidemics]] in temperate regions exhibit a characteristic seasonal variation, with peaks in summer and early autumn. This is less apparent in tropical regions. Climate, socio-economic factors and [[homotypic]] [[immunity]] likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types. [[Enterovirus A]] sequences dominate in East and Southeast Asia while [[Enterovirus B]] is most common in Western Asia, Europe, Africa, South America, Southern Asia, and Oceania. [[Enteroviruses]] C and D are relatively rare.
Non-polio [[enteroviruses]] are very common. They are second only to the "common cold" viruses, the [[rhinovirus|rhinoviruses]], as the most common viral infectious agents in humans. The [[enteroviruses]] cause an estimated 10-15 million or more symptomatic infections a year in the United States. However, all three types of polioviruses have been eliminated from the Western Hemisphere, as well as Western Pacific and European regions, by the widespread use of vaccines.


Parents, teachers, and child care center workers may be prone to non-polio enterovirus infections as they can become infected by contamination of the hands with stool from an infected infant or toddler during diaper changes.
==[[Epidemiology]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages=  | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654  }} </ref>==
The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns<ref name="pmid16971890">{{cite journal| author=Khetsuriani N, Lamonte-Fowlkes A, Oberst S, Pallansch MA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention| title=Enterovirus surveillance--United States, 1970-2005. | journal=MMWR Surveill Summ | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 8 | pages= 1-20 | pmid=16971890 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16971890  }} </ref>.
*New types or [[strains]] can start off  with a cryptic, [[endemic]] phase before assuming [[epidemic]] proportions (e.g. EV-A71<ref name="pmid20089660">{{cite journal| author=Tee KK, Lam TT, Chan YF, Bible JM, Kamarulzaman A, Tong CY | display-authors=etal| title=Evolutionary genetics of human enterovirus 71: origin, population dynamics, natural selection, and seasonal periodicity of the VP1 gene. | journal=J Virol | year= 2010 | volume= 84 | issue= 7 | pages= 3339-50 | pmid=20089660 | doi=10.1128/JVI.01019-09 | pmc=2838098 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20089660  }} </ref>, EV-D68<ref name="pmid22694903">{{cite journal| author=Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SRC, Wu W, Sall AA | display-authors=etal| title=Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2012 | volume= 93 | issue= Pt 9 | pages= 1952-1958 | pmid=22694903 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.043935-0 | pmc=3542132 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22694903  }} </ref>)
*Bottlenecks from [[epidemic]] [[epidemiological]] cycles can limit diversity in certain areas, leading to a self-limiting pattern<ref name="pmid25562123">{{cite journal| author=Yarmolskaya MS, Shumilina EY, Ivanova OE, Drexler JF, Lukashev AN| title=Molecular epidemiology of echoviruses 11 and 30 in Russia: different properties of genotypes within an enterovirus serotype. | journal=Infect Genet Evol | year= 2015 | volume= 30 | issue=  | pages= 244-248 | pmid=25562123 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25562123  }} </ref>.
*[[Epidemics]] in temperate regions exhibit a characteristic seasonal variation, with peaks in summer and early autumn. This is less apparent in the tropical regions<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246  }} </ref>.
*Differences in geography can also change the timing of [[epidemic]] cycles, making them longer or even variable.
*The cause for the cyclical patterns is likely multifactorial, being a combination of weather, geographic barriers, hygiene, [[viral]] evolution, [[herd immunity]], changes in the susceptible population and [[host]] factors.
*[[Homotypic immunity]] is probably the most important factor dictating [[transmission]] dynamics<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246  }} </ref>.
*The relative [[species]] [[prevalence]] also changes throughout the year<ref name="pmid28630939">{{cite journal| author=Brinkman NE, Fout GS, Keely SP| title=Retrospective Surveillance of Wastewater To Examine Seasonal Dynamics of Enterovirus Infections. | journal=mSphere | year= 2017 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages=  | pmid=28630939 | doi=10.1128/mSphere.00099-17 | pmc=5471348 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28630939  }} </ref>.


==Sources==
==[[Demographics]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages=  | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654  }} </ref>==
*http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/enterovirus/non-polio_entero.htm
Climate, socio-economic factors and [[homotypic]] [[immunity]] likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types<ref name="pmid24731248">{{cite journal| author=Bo YC, Song C, Wang JF, Li XW| title=Using an autologistic regression model to identify spatial risk factors and spatial risk patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Mainland China. | journal=BMC Public Health | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue=  | pages= 358 | pmid=24731248 | doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-358 | pmc=4022446 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24731248  }} </ref>.
===[[Enterovirus A]]===
Sequences dominate in East (71%) and South-east Asia (73.4%), with the most common EV-A71, EV-A6, EV-A16, EV-A10 occurring in that order. Very low levels are detected in Africa, North America and Western Asia.
 
===[[Enterovirus B]]===
Most common in Western Asia(81.4%), Europe(63.1%), Africa(63%), South America(61.3%), Southern Asia(61%), Oceania (55.1%).
 
===[[Enterovirus C]]===
*A significant proportion exists in Africa(22.1%) and South America (21.2%); rarer in rest of the world
*[[CV-A 24]] is the most commonly sequenced [[EV-C]] type, with higher proportion in South America
===[[Enterovirus D]]===
*Relatively rare worldwide; represent 76.7% of sequences in North America.


== References ==
== References ==
Line 19: Line 37:


[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 
[[Category:Needs causes]]
[[Category:Viruses]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]

Latest revision as of 20:46, 7 February 2023

Non-Polio enterovirus infections Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Non-Polio enterovirus infections from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Chest X Ray

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics

CDC on Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics

Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics in the news

Blogs on Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics

Directions to Hospitals Treating Non-Polio enterovirus infections

Risk calculators and risk factors for Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sujaya Chattopadhyay, M.D.[2]

Overview

The long-term circulation dynamics are characterised by distinct epidemic and endemic patterns.Epidemics in temperate regions exhibit a characteristic seasonal variation, with peaks in summer and early autumn. This is less apparent in tropical regions. Climate, socio-economic factors and homotypic immunity likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types. Enterovirus A sequences dominate in East and Southeast Asia while Enterovirus B is most common in Western Asia, Europe, Africa, South America, Southern Asia, and Oceania. Enteroviruses C and D are relatively rare.

Epidemiology[1]

The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct epidemic and endemic patterns[2].

  • New types or strains can start off with a cryptic, endemic phase before assuming epidemic proportions (e.g. EV-A71[3], EV-D68[4])
  • Bottlenecks from epidemic epidemiological cycles can limit diversity in certain areas, leading to a self-limiting pattern[5].
  • Epidemics in temperate regions exhibit a characteristic seasonal variation, with peaks in summer and early autumn. This is less apparent in the tropical regions[6].
  • Differences in geography can also change the timing of epidemic cycles, making them longer or even variable.
  • The cause for the cyclical patterns is likely multifactorial, being a combination of weather, geographic barriers, hygiene, viral evolution, herd immunity, changes in the susceptible population and host factors.
  • Homotypic immunity is probably the most important factor dictating transmission dynamics[6].
  • The relative species prevalence also changes throughout the year[7].

Demographics[1]

Climate, socio-economic factors and homotypic immunity likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types[8].

Enterovirus A

Sequences dominate in East (71%) and South-east Asia (73.4%), with the most common EV-A71, EV-A6, EV-A16, EV-A10 occurring in that order. Very low levels are detected in Africa, North America and Western Asia.

Enterovirus B

Most common in Western Asia(81.4%), Europe(63.1%), Africa(63%), South America(61.3%), Southern Asia(61%), Oceania (55.1%).

Enterovirus C

  • A significant proportion exists in Africa(22.1%) and South America (21.2%); rarer in rest of the world
  • CV-A 24 is the most commonly sequenced EV-C type, with higher proportion in South America

Enterovirus D

  • Relatively rare worldwide; represent 76.7% of sequences in North America.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH (2020). "Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses". Microorganisms. 8 (12). doi:10.3390/microorganisms8121856. PMC 7759938 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33255654 Check |pmid= value (help).
  2. Khetsuriani N, Lamonte-Fowlkes A, Oberst S, Pallansch MA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2006). "Enterovirus surveillance--United States, 1970-2005". MMWR Surveill Summ. 55 (8): 1–20. PMID 16971890.
  3. Tee KK, Lam TT, Chan YF, Bible JM, Kamarulzaman A, Tong CY; et al. (2010). "Evolutionary genetics of human enterovirus 71: origin, population dynamics, natural selection, and seasonal periodicity of the VP1 gene". J Virol. 84 (7): 3339–50. doi:10.1128/JVI.01019-09. PMC 2838098. PMID 20089660.
  4. Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SRC, Wu W, Sall AA; et al. (2012). "Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68". J Gen Virol. 93 (Pt 9): 1952–1958. doi:10.1099/vir.0.043935-0. PMC 3542132. PMID 22694903.
  5. Yarmolskaya MS, Shumilina EY, Ivanova OE, Drexler JF, Lukashev AN (2015). "Molecular epidemiology of echoviruses 11 and 30 in Russia: different properties of genotypes within an enterovirus serotype". Infect Genet Evol. 30: 244–248. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.033. PMID 25562123.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT; et al. (2018). "The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 115 (12): 3078–3083. doi:10.1073/pnas.1721159115. PMC 5866597. PMID 29507246.
  7. Brinkman NE, Fout GS, Keely SP (2017). "Retrospective Surveillance of Wastewater To Examine Seasonal Dynamics of Enterovirus Infections". mSphere. 2 (3). doi:10.1128/mSphere.00099-17. PMC 5471348. PMID 28630939.
  8. Bo YC, Song C, Wang JF, Li XW (2014). "Using an autologistic regression model to identify spatial risk factors and spatial risk patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Mainland China". BMC Public Health. 14: 358. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-358. PMC 4022446. PMID 24731248.


Template:WikiDoc Sources