Unstable angina NSTEMI Antiplatelet therapy recommendations: Difference between revisions

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(/* 2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non -ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Antiplatelet therapy{{cite journal| author=2012 Writing Committee Members. ...)
 
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| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Unstable angina/ NSTEMI resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br>
| [[Unstable angina/ NSTEMI resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
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{{Unstable angina / NSTEMI}}
{{Unstable angina / NSTEMI}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}} {{AKK}}


==2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non -ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction:  Antiplatelet therapy<ref name="pmid22800849">{{cite journal| author=2012 Writing Committee Members. Jneid H, Anderson JL, Wright RS, Adams CD, Bridges CR et al.| title=2012 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guideline for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (Updating the 2007 Guideline and Replacing the 2011 Focused Update): A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2012 | volume= 126 | issue= 7 | pages= 875-910 | pmid=22800849 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e318256f1e0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22800849  }} </ref> (DO NOT EDIT)==
==Overview==
The current most updated guidelines state that for UA/NSTEMI patients presenting to the hospital, [[aspirin]] should be administered immediately, and if the patient cannot take aspirin, another anti-platelet agent, namely [[clopidogrel]] or [[prasugrel]] (in [[PCI]] treated patients) should be given. UA/NSTEMI patients at moderate to high risk who will be undergoing [[PCI]] should be given dual antiplatelet therapy consisting of [[aspirin]] and one of the following; [[clopidogrel]], [[ticagrelor]], [[eptifibatide]] and [[prasugrel]], depending on whether the second agent is given before or during [[PCI]]. Addtional situation specific guidelines are given below.


==2016 ACC/AHA Guideline Focused Update on Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease (Updating the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes (DO NOT EDIT))==
==Recommendations for Duration of DAPT in Patients With ACS Treated With Medical Therapy Alone<ref name=Guidelines> Ezra A. Amsterdam, MD, FACC; Nanette K. Wenger, MD et al.2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes.  A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. JACC. September 2014 (ahead of print) </ref>==
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.'''In patients with ACS who are managed with medical therapy alone (without revascularization or fibrinolytic therapy) and treated with DAPT, P2Y12 inhibitor therapy (clopidogrel or ticagrelor) should be continued for at least 12 months''[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.'''In patients treated with DAPT, a daily aspirin dose of 81 mg (range, 75 mg to 100 mg) is recommended''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-NR]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.'''In patients with NSTE–ACS who are managed with medical therapy alone (without revascularization or fibrinolytic therapy) and treated with DAPT, it is reasonable to use ticagrelor in preference to clopidogrel for maintenance P2Y12 inhibitor therapy''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.'''In patients with ACS treated with medical therapy alone (without revascularization or fibrinolytic therapy) who have
tolerated DAPT without bleeding complication and who are not at high bleeding risk (e.g., prior bleeding on DAPT, coagulopathy, oral anticoagulant use), continuation of DAPT for longer than 12 months may be reasonable''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A SR]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|}


===Initial Oral and Intravenous Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Definite or Likely NSTEACS Treated With an Initial Invasive or Ischemia-Guided Strategy===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Aspirin]] should be administered to [[UA]]/[[NSTEMI]] patients as soon as possible after hospital presentation and continued indefinitely in patients who tolerate it. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Non–enteric-coated, chewable [[aspirin]] (162 mg to 325 mg) should be given to all patients with NSTE-ACS without contraindications as soon as possible after presentation, and a maintenance dose of [[aspirin]] (81 mg/d to 162 mg/d) should be continued indefinitely. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' In patients with NSTE-ACS who are unable to take [[aspirin]] because of hypersensitivity or major gastrointestinal intolerance, a loading dose of [[clopidogrel]] followed by a daily maintenance dose should be administered. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' A P2Y12 inhibitor (either [[clopidogrel]] or [[ticagrelor]]) in addition to aspirin should be administered for up to 12 months to all patients with NSTE-ACS without contraindications who are treated with either an early invasive§ or ischemia-guided strategy. Options include:
* [[Clopidogrel]]: 300-mg or 600-mg loading dose, then 75 mg daily ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
* [[Ticagrelor]]: 180-mg loading dose, then 90 mg twice daily. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|}


{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' A loading dose followed by daily maintenance dose of either clopidogrel ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'', prasugrel* (in PCI-treated patients) ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'', or ticagrelor** ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' should be administered to UA/NSTEMI patients who are unable to take aspirin because of hypersensitivity or major GI intolerance. <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]


|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' Patients with definite UA/NSTEMI at medium or high risk and in whom an initial invasive strategy is selected should receive dual antiplatelet therapy on presentation. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' Aspirin should be initiated on presentation. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' The choice of a second antiplatelet therapy to be added to aspirin on presentation includes 1 of the following:
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' It is reasonable to use ticagrelor in preference to clopidogrel for P2Y12 treatment in patients with NSTE-ACS who undergo an early invasive or ischemia-guided strategy. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
a) Before PCI:
|}
:* Clopidogrel ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''; or
:* Ticagrelor** ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''; or
:* An IV GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' IV eptifibatide and tirofiban are the preferred GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors.


b) At the time of PCI:
{|class="wikitable"
:* Clopidogrel if not started before PCI ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''; or
|-
:* Prasugrel* ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''; or
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
:* Ticagrelor** ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''; or
:* An IV GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>


|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' For UA/NSTEMI patients in whom an initial conservative (ie, noninvasive) strategy is selected, clopidogrel or Ticagrelor** (loading dose followed by daily maintenance dose) should be added to aspirin and anticoagulant therapy as soon as possible after admission and administered for at least 1 month13 and ideally up to 12 months. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' In patients with NSTE-ACS treated with an early invasive strategy and dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with intermediate/high-risk features (e.g., positive [[troponin]]), a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor may be considered as part of initial antiplatelet therapy. Preferred options are [[eptifibatide]] or [[tirofiban]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}


===PCI—Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Therapy===
====Oral and Intravenous Antiplatelet Agents====
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''5.''' For UA/NSTEMI patients in whom an initial conservative strategy is selected, if recurrent symptoms/ischemia, heart failure, or serious arrhythmias subsequently appear, then diagnostic angiography should be performed. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' Either an IV GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor (eptifibatide or tirofiban ''[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]]''), clopidogrel (loading dose followed by daily maintenance dose ''[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]]''), or ticagrelor** (loading dose followed by daily maintenance dose ''[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]]'') should be added to aspirin and anticoagulant therapy before diagnostic angiography (upstream). ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Patients already taking daily [[aspirin]] before [[PCI]] should take 81 mg to 325 mg non–enteric-coated aspirin before [[PCI]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' Patients not on aspirin therapy should be given non–enteric-coated [[aspirin]] 325 mg as soon as possible before [[PCI]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' After PCI, [[aspirin]] should be continued indefinitely at a dose of 81 mg to 325 mg daily. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' A loading dose of a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor should be given before the procedure in patients undergoing PCI with stenting. ([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]]) Options include: <br>
a. [[Clopidogrel]]: 600 mg ([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]]) or <br>
b. [[Prasugrel]]: 60 mg ([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]]) or <br>
c. [[Ticagrelor]]: 180 mg ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''5.''' In patients with NSTE-ACS and high-risk features (e.g., elevated [[troponin]]) not adequately pretreated with [[clopidogrel]] or [[ticagrelor]], it is useful to administer a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor ([[abciximab]], double-bolus [[eptifibatide]], or high-dose bolus [[tirofiban]]) at the time of [[PCI]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''6.''' In patients receiving a stent ([[bare-metal stent]] or [[drug-eluting stent]] [DES]) during [[PCI]] for NSTEACS,
P2Y12 inhibitor therapy should be given for at least 12 months. Options include: <br>
a. [[Clopidogrel]]: 75 mg daily ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' or <br>
b. [[Prasugrel]]: 10 mg daily ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' or <br>
c. [[Ticagrelor]]: 90 mg twice daily ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]] (No Benefit)
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Prasugrel]] should not be administered to patients with a prior history of [[stroke]] or [[transient ischemic attack]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' It is reasonable to choose [[ticagrelor]] over [[clopidogrel]] for P2Y12 inhibition treatment in patients with NSTE-ACS treated with an early invasive strategy and/or coronary stenting. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' It is reasonable to choose [[prasugrel]] over [[clopidogrel]] for P2Y12 treatment in patients with NSTEACS who undergo [[PCI]] who are not at high risk of [[bleeding]] complications. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' In patients with NSTE-ACS and high-risk features (e.g., elevated [[troponin]]) treated with [[UFH]] and adequately pretreated with [[clopidogrel]], it is reasonable to administer a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor ([[abciximab]], double-bolus [[eptifibatide]], or high-bolus dose [[tirofiban]]) at the time of [[PCI]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' After [[PCI]], it is reasonable to use 81 mg per day of aspirin in preference to higher maintenance doses. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''5.''' If the risk of morbidity from bleeding outweighs the anticipated benefit of a recommended duration of P2Y12 inhibitor therapy after stent implantation, earlier discontinuation (e.g., <12 months) of P2Y12 inhibitor therapy is reasonable. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''6.''' In patients with ACS (NSTE-ACS or STEMI) treated with DAPT after coronary stent implantation and in patients with NSTE-ACS treated with medical therapy alone (without revascularization), it is reasonable to use ticagrelor in preference to clopidogrel for maintenance P2Y12 inhibitor therapy ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|"'''7.''' In patients with ACS (NSTE-ACS or STEMI) treated with DAPT after coronary stent implantation who are not at high risk for bleeding complications and who do not have a history of stroke or TIA, it is reasonable to choose prasugrel over clopidogrel for maintenance P2Y12 inhibitor therapy ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|}


====Recommendation for aspirin dosing in patients treated with [[DAPT]]====
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''6.''' A loading dose of P2Y12 receptor inhibitor therapy is recommended for UA/NSTEMI patients for whom PCI is planned.# Regimens should be 1 of the following:
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' In patients treated with DAPT, a daily aspirin dose of 81 mg (range, 75 mg to 100 mg) is recommended''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-NR]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
:a) Clopidogrel 600 mg should be given as early as possible before or at the time of PCI ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' or
|-
:b) Prasugrel* 60 mg should be given promptly and no later than 1 hour after PCI once coronary anatomy is defined and
|}
a decision is made to proceed with PCI. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
:c) Ticagrelor** 180 mg should be given as early as possible before or at the time of PCI. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>


===Recommendations for duration of [[DAPT]] in patients with ACS treated with [[PCI]]===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' In patients with ACS (NSTE-ACS or STEMI) treated with DAPT after BMS or DES implantation, P2Y12 inhibitor therapy (clopidogrel, prasugrel, or ticagrelor) should be given for at least 12 months''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' In patients treated with DAPT, a daily aspirin dose of 81 mg (range, 75 mg to 100 mg) is recommended''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-NR]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' In patients with ACS (NSTE-ACS or STEMI) treated with DAPT after coronary stent implantation, it is reasonable to use ticagrelor in preference to clopidogrel for maintenance P2Y12 inhibitor therapy ( ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' In patients with ACS (NSTE-ACS or STEMI) treated with DAPT after coronary stent implantation who are not at high risk for bleeding complications and who do not have a history of stroke or TIA, it is reasonable to choose prasugrel
over clopidogrel for maintenance P2Y12 inhibitor therapy ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' In patients with ACS (NSTE-ACS or STEMI) treated with coronary stent implantation who have tolerated DAPT without a bleeding complication and who are not at high bleeding risk (e.g., prior bleeding on DAPT, coagulopathy,
oral anticoagulant use), continuation of DAPT (clopidogrel, prasugrel, or ticagrelor) for longer than 12 months may
be reasonable ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' In patients with ACS treated with DAPT after DES implantation who develop a high risk of bleeding (e.g., treatment with oral anticoagulant therapy), are at high risk of severe bleeding complication (e.g., major intracranial surgery),
or develop significant overt bleeding, discontinuation of P2Y12 inhibitor therapy after 6 months may be reasonable ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C-LD]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]] (Harm)
|-
| bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Prasugrel should not be administered to patients with a prior history of stroke or TIA ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|}
===Medical Regimen and Use of Medications at Discharge===
====Combined Oral Anticoagulant Therapy and Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With NSTEACS====
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' The duration of triple antithrombotic therapy with a [[vitamin K antagonist]], [[aspirin]], and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor in patients with NSTE-ACS should be minimized to the extent possible to limit the risk of [[bleeding]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' [[Proton pump inhibitor]]s should be prescribed in patients with NSTE-ACS with a history of gastrointestinal bleeding who require triple antithrombotic therapy with a [[vitamin K antagonist]], [[aspirin]], and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Proton pump inhibitor]] use is reasonable in patients with NSTE-ACS without a known history of [[gastrointestinal bleeding]] who require triple antithrombotic therapy with a vitamin K antagonist, aspirin, and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Targeting oral anticoagulant therapy to a lower [[international normalized ratio]] (INR) (e.g., 2.0 to 2.5) may be reasonable in patients with NSTE-ACS managed with aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|}
==2012 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guideline for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (Updating the 2007 Guideline and Replacing the 2011 Focused Update) (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid22809746">{{cite journal| author=Jneid H, Anderson JL, Wright RS, Adams CD, Bridges CR, Casey DE et al.| title=2012 ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (updating the 2007 guideline and replacing the 2011 focused update): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2012 | volume= 60 | issue= 7 | pages= 645-81 | pmid=22809746 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2012.06.004 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22809746  }} </ref>==
===Antiplatelet therapy (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid22809746">{{cite journal| author=Jneid H, Anderson JL, Wright RS, Adams CD, Bridges CR, Casey DE et al.| title=2012 ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (updating the 2007 guideline and replacing the 2011 focused update): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2012 | volume= 60 | issue= 7 | pages= 645-81 | pmid=22809746 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2012.06.004 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22809746  }} </ref>===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Aspirin]] should be administered to [[UA]]/[[NSTEMI]] patients as soon as possible after hospital presentation and continued indefinitely in patients who tolerate it.<ref name="pmid8298418">{{cite journal| author=| title=Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy--I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. | journal=BMJ | year= 1994 | volume= 308 | issue= 6921 | pages= 81-106 | pmid=8298418 | doi= | pmc=PMC2539220 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8298418  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19482214">{{cite journal| author=Antithrombotic Trialists' (ATT) Collaboration. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, Emberson J, Godwin J et al.| title=Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. | journal=Lancet | year= 2009 | volume= 373 | issue= 9678 | pages= 1849-60 | pmid=19482214 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60503-1 | pmc=PMC2715005 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19482214  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19755350 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2009 Sep 15;151(6):JC3-4, JC3-5]  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19949174 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2009 Dec;14(6):172-3] </ref><ref name="pmid6135989">{{cite journal| author=Lewis HD, Davis JW, Archibald DG, Steinke WE, Smitherman TC, Doherty JE et al.| title=Protective effects of aspirin against acute myocardial infarction and death in men with unstable angina. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1983 | volume= 309 | issue= 7 | pages= 396-403 | pmid=6135989 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198308183090703 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6135989  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9077376">{{cite journal| author=Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH| title=Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1997 | volume= 336 | issue= 14 | pages= 973-9 | pmid=9077376 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199704033361401 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9077376  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1976875">{{cite journal| author=| title=Risk of myocardial infarction and death during treatment with low dose aspirin and intravenous heparin in men with unstable coronary artery disease. The RISC Group. | journal=Lancet | year= 1990 | volume= 336 | issue= 8719 | pages= 827-30 | pmid=1976875 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1976875  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' A loading dose followed by daily maintenance dose of either [[clopidogrel]]<ref name="pmid11519503">{{cite journal| author=Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK et al.| title=Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 345 | issue= 7 | pages= 494-502 | pmid=11519503 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa010746 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11519503  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11874270 Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 Mar-Apr;136(2):45] </ref><ref name="pmid8918275">{{cite journal| author=CAPRIE Steering Committee| title=A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee. | journal=Lancet | year= 1996 | volume= 348 | issue= 9038 | pages= 1329-39 | pmid=8918275 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8918275  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15613671">{{cite journal| author=Gollapudi RR, Teirstein PS, Stevenson DD, Simon RA| title=Aspirin sensitivity: implications for patients with coronary artery disease. | journal=JAMA | year= 2004 | volume= 292 | issue= 24 | pages= 3017-23 | pmid=15613671 | doi=10.1001/jama.292.24.3017 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15613671  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'', [[prasugrel]]* (in [[PCI]]-treated patients)<ref name="pmid20629598">{{cite journal| author=Ge J, Zhu J, Hong BK, Boonbaichaiyapruck S, Goh YS, Hou CJ et al.| title=Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in Asian patients with acute coronary syndromes: design and rationale of a multi-dose, pharmacodynamic, phase 3 clinical trial. | journal=Curr Med Res Opin | year= 2010 | volume= 26 | issue= 9 | pages= 2077-85 | pmid=20629598 | doi=10.1185/03007995.2010.502048 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20629598  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'', or [[ticagrelor]]**<ref name="pmid22991347">{{cite journal| author=Husted S, James S, Becker RC, Horrow J, Katus H, Storey RF et al.| title=Ticagrelor Versus Clopidogrel in Elderly Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Substudy From the Prospective Randomized PLATelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) Trial. | journal=Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes | year= 2012 | volume= 5 | issue= 5 | pages= 680-688 | pmid=22991347 | doi=10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.964395 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22991347  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' should be administered to [[UA]]/[[NSTEMI]] patients who are unable to take [[aspirin]] because of hypersensitivity or major GI intolerance.<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' Patients with definite UA/NSTEMI at medium or high risk and in whom an initial invasive strategy is selected should receive dual antiplatelet therapy on presentation.<ref name="pmid11519503">{{cite journal| author=Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK et al.| title=Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 345 | issue= 7 | pages= 494-502 | pmid=11519503 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa010746 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11519503  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11874270 Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 Mar-Apr;136(2):45] </ref><ref name="pmid11520521">{{cite journal| author=Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ, Bertrand ME, Lewis BS, Natarajan MK et al.| title=Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. | journal=Lancet | year= 2001 | volume= 358 | issue= 9281 | pages= 527-33 | pmid=11520521 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11520521  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11812552">{{cite journal| author=Boersma E, Harrington RA, Moliterno DJ, White H, Théroux P, Van de Werf F et al.| title=Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of all major randomised clinical trials. | journal=Lancet | year= 2002 | volume= 359 | issue= 9302 | pages= 189-98 | pmid=11812552 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07442-1 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11812552  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12093201 Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 Jul-Aug;137(1):2] </ref><ref name="pmid12435254">{{cite journal| author=Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Mann JT, Fry ET, DeLago A, Wilmer C et al.| title=Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. | journal=JAMA | year= 2002 | volume= 288 | issue= 19 | pages= 2411-20 | pmid=12435254 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12435254  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12841706 Review in: ACP J Club. 2003 Jul-Aug;139(1):2] </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' Aspirin should be initiated on presentation.<ref name="pmid8298418">{{cite journal| author=| title=Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy--I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. | journal=BMJ | year= 1994 | volume= 308 | issue= 6921 | pages= 81-106 | pmid=8298418 | doi= | pmc=PMC2539220 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8298418  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3903504">{{cite journal| author=Cairns JA, Gent M, Singer J, Finnie KJ, Froggatt GM, Holder DA et al.| title=Aspirin, sulfinpyrazone, or both in unstable angina. Results of a Canadian multicenter trial. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1985 | volume= 313 | issue= 22 | pages= 1369-75 | pmid=3903504 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198511283132201 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3903504  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8281698">{{cite journal| author=Cohen M, Adams PC, Parry G, Xiong J, Chamberlain D, Wieczorek I et al.| title=Combination antithrombotic therapy in unstable rest angina and non-Q-wave infarction in nonprior aspirin users. Primary end points analysis from the ATACS trial. Antithrombotic Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndromes Research Group. | journal=Circulation | year= 1994 | volume= 89 | issue= 1 | pages= 81-8 | pmid=8281698 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8281698  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6135989">{{cite journal| author=Lewis HD, Davis JW, Archibald DG, Steinke WE, Smitherman TC, Doherty JE et al.| title=Protective effects of aspirin against acute myocardial infarction and death in men with unstable angina. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1983 | volume= 309 | issue= 7 | pages= 396-403 | pmid=6135989 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198308183090703 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6135989  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9077376">{{cite journal| author=Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH| title=Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1997 | volume= 336 | issue= 14 | pages= 973-9 | pmid=9077376 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199704033361401 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9077376  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1976875">{{cite journal| author=| title=Risk of myocardial infarction and death during treatment with low dose aspirin and intravenous heparin in men with unstable coronary artery disease. The RISC Group. | journal=Lancet | year= 1990 | volume= 336 | issue= 8719 | pages= 827-30 | pmid=1976875 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1976875  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3050522">{{cite journal| author=Théroux P, Ouimet H, McCans J, Latour JG, Joly P, Lévy G et al.| title=Aspirin, heparin, or both to treat acute unstable angina. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1988 | volume= 319 | issue= 17 | pages= 1105-11 | pmid=3050522 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198810273191701 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3050522  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' The choice of a second antiplatelet therapy to be added to aspirin on presentation includes 1 of the following:
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'''a)''' Before PCI:
:* [[Clopidogrel]]<ref name="pmid11519503">{{cite journal| author=Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK et al.| title=Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 345 | issue= 7 | pages= 494-502 | pmid=11519503 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa010746 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11519503  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11874270 Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 Mar-Apr;136(2):45] </ref><ref name="pmid11520521">{{cite journal| author=Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ, Bertrand ME, Lewis BS, Natarajan MK et al.| title=Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. | journal=Lancet | year= 2001 | volume= 358 | issue= 9281 | pages= 527-33 | pmid=11520521 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11520521  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''; or
:* [[Ticagrelor]]**<ref name="pmid19717846">{{cite journal| author=Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, Cannon CP, Emanuelsson H, Held C et al.| title=Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2009 | volume= 361 | issue= 11 | pages= 1045-57 | pmid=19717846 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0904327 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19717846  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20008753 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2009 Dec 15;151(12):JC6-4] </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''; or
:* An IV [[GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor]].<ref name="pmid11812552">{{cite journal| author=Boersma E, Harrington RA, Moliterno DJ, White H, Théroux P, Van de Werf F et al.| title=Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of all major randomised clinical trials. | journal=Lancet | year= 2002 | volume= 359 | issue= 9302 | pages= 189-98 | pmid=11812552 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07442-1 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11812552  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12093201 Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 Jul-Aug;137(1):2] </ref><ref name="pmid9599103">{{cite journal| author=| title=Inhibition of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms (PRISM-PLUS) Study Investigators. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1998 | volume= 338 | issue= 21 | pages= 1488-97 | pmid=9599103 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199805213382102 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9599103  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9705684">{{cite journal| author=| title=Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with eptifibatide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The PURSUIT Trial Investigators. Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin Therapy. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1998 | volume= 339 | issue= 7 | pages= 436-43 | pmid=9705684 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199808133390704 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9705684  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11425411">{{cite journal| author=Simoons ML, GUSTO IV-ACS Investigators| title=Effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blocker abciximab on outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes without early coronary revascularisation: the GUSTO IV-ACS randomised trial. | journal=Lancet | year= 2001 | volume= 357 | issue= 9272 | pages= 1915-24 | pmid=11425411 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11425411  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11874269 Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 Mar-Apr;136(2):44] </ref><ref name="pmid12551868">{{cite journal| author=Ottervanger JP, Armstrong P, Barnathan ES, Boersma E, Cooper JS, Ohman EM et al.| title=Long-term results after the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor abciximab in unstable angina: one-year survival in the GUSTO IV-ACS (Global Use of Strategies To Open Occluded Coronary Arteries IV--Acute Coronary Syndrome) Trial. | journal=Circulation | year= 2003 | volume= 107 | issue= 3 | pages= 437-42 | pmid=12551868 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12551868  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' IV [[eptifibatide]] and [[tirofiban]] are the preferred GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors.<ref name="pmid9599103">{{cite journal| author=| title=Inhibition of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms (PRISM-PLUS) Study Investigators. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1998 | volume= 338 | issue= 21 | pages= 1488-97 | pmid=9599103 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199805213382102 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9599103  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9705684">{{cite journal| author=| title=Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with eptifibatide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The PURSUIT Trial Investigators. Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin Therapy. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1998 | volume= 339 | issue= 7 | pages= 436-43 | pmid=9705684 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199808133390704 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9705684  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
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'''b)''' At the time of PCI:
:* [[Clopidogrel]] if not started before PCI<ref name="pmid11519503">{{cite journal| author=Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK et al.| title=Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 345 | issue= 7 | pages= 494-502 | pmid=11519503 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa010746 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11519503  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11874270 Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 Mar-Apr;136(2):45] </ref><ref name="pmid11520521">{{cite journal| author=Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ, Bertrand ME, Lewis BS, Natarajan MK et al.| title=Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. | journal=Lancet | year= 2001 | volume= 358 | issue= 9281 | pages= 527-33 | pmid=11520521 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11520521  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''; or
:* [[Prasugrel]]*<ref name="pmid20629598">{{cite journal| author=Ge J, Zhu J, Hong BK, Boonbaichaiyapruck S, Goh YS, Hou CJ et al.| title=Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in Asian patients with acute coronary syndromes: design and rationale of a multi-dose, pharmacodynamic, phase 3 clinical trial. | journal=Curr Med Res Opin | year= 2010 | volume= 26 | issue= 9 | pages= 2077-85 | pmid=20629598 | doi=10.1185/03007995.2010.502048 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20629598  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''; or
:* [[Ticagrelor]]**<ref name="pmid19717846">{{cite journal| author=Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, Cannon CP, Emanuelsson H, Held C et al.| title=Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2009 | volume= 361 | issue= 11 | pages= 1045-57 | pmid=19717846 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0904327 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19717846  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20008753 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2009 Dec 15;151(12):JC6-4] </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''; or
:* An IV [[GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor]].<ref name="pmid9164316">{{cite journal| author=| title=Randomised placebo-controlled trial of abciximab before and during coronary intervention in refractory unstable angina: the CAPTURE Study. | journal=Lancet | year= 1997 | volume= 349 | issue= 9063 | pages= 1429-35 | pmid=9164316 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9164316  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9599103">{{cite journal| author=| title=Inhibition of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms (PRISM-PLUS) Study Investigators. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1998 | volume= 338 | issue= 21 | pages= 1488-97 | pmid=9599103 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199805213382102 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9599103  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9705684">{{cite journal| author=| title=Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with eptifibatide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The PURSUIT Trial Investigators. Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin Therapy. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1998 | volume= 339 | issue= 7 | pages= 436-43 | pmid=9705684 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199808133390704 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9705684  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' For UA/NSTEMI patients in whom an initial conservative (ie, noninvasive) strategy is selected, [[clopidogrel]] or [[Ticagrelor]]** (loading dose followed by daily maintenance dose) should be added to [[aspirin]] and anticoagulant therapy as soon as possible after admission and administered for up to 12 months.<ref name="pmid19717846">{{cite journal| author=Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, Cannon CP, Emanuelsson H, Held C et al.| title=Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2009 | volume= 361 | issue= 11 | pages= 1045-57 | pmid=19717846 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0904327 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19717846  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20008753 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2009 Dec 15;151(12):JC6-4] </ref><ref name="pmid21685437">{{cite journal| author=James SK, Roe MT, Cannon CP, Cornel JH, Horrow J, Husted S et al.| title=Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes intended for non-invasive management: substudy from prospective randomised PLATelet inhibition and patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial. | journal=BMJ | year= 2011 | volume= 342 | issue=  | pages= d3527 | pmid=21685437 | doi=10.1136/bmj.d3527 | pmc=PMC3117310 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21685437  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11519503">{{cite journal| author=Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK et al.| title=Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 345 | issue= 7 | pages= 494-502 | pmid=11519503 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa010746 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11519503  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11874270 Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 Mar-Apr;136(2):45] </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''5.''' For UA/NSTEMI patients in whom an initial conservative strategy is selected, if recurrent symptoms/ischemia, heart failure, or serious arrhythmias subsequently appear, then diagnostic angiography should be performed.<ref name="pmid11419424">{{cite journal| author=Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulos LA, Vicari R, Frey MJ, Lakkis N et al.| title=Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 344 | issue= 25 | pages= 1879-87 | pmid=11419424 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200106213442501 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11419424  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11829545 Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 Jan-Feb;136(1):4] </ref><ref name="pmid10475181">{{cite journal| author=| title=Invasive compared with non-invasive treatment in unstable coronary-artery disease: FRISC II prospective randomised multicentre study. FRagmin and Fast Revascularisation during InStability in Coronary artery disease Investigators. | journal=Lancet | year= 1999 | volume= 354 | issue= 9180 | pages= 708-15 | pmid=10475181 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10475181  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' Either an IV GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor (eptifibatide or tirofiban<ref name="pmid9164316">{{cite journal| author=| title=Randomised placebo-controlled trial of abciximab before and during coronary intervention in refractory unstable angina: the CAPTURE Study. | journal=Lancet | year= 1997 | volume= 349 | issue= 9063 | pages= 1429-35 | pmid=9164316 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9164316  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9599103">{{cite journal| author=| title=Inhibition of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms (PRISM-PLUS) Study Investigators. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1998 | volume= 338 | issue= 21 | pages= 1488-97 | pmid=9599103 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199805213382102 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9599103  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9705684">{{cite journal| author=| title=Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with eptifibatide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The PURSUIT Trial Investigators. Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin Therapy. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1998 | volume= 339 | issue= 7 | pages= 436-43 | pmid=9705684 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199808133390704 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9705684  }} </ref> ''[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]]''), [[clopidogrel]] (loading dose followed by daily maintenance dose<ref name="pmid11519503">{{cite journal| author=Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK et al.| title=Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 345 | issue= 7 | pages= 494-502 | pmid=11519503 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa010746 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11519503  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11874270 Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 Mar-Apr;136(2):45] </ref> ''[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]]''), or [[ticagrelor]]** (loading dose followed by daily maintenance dose<ref name="pmid19717846">{{cite journal| author=Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, Cannon CP, Emanuelsson H, Held C et al.| title=Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2009 | volume= 361 | issue= 11 | pages= 1045-57 | pmid=19717846 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0904327 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19717846  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20008753 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2009 Dec 15;151(12):JC6-4] </ref> ''[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]]'') should be added to aspirin and anticoagulant therapy before diagnostic angiography (upstream). ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''6.''' A loading dose of P2Y12 receptor inhibitor therapy is recommended for UA/NSTEMI patients for whom PCI is planned.*** Regimens should be 1 of the following:
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'''a)''' [[Clopidogrel]] 600 mg should be given as early as possible before or at the time of [[PCI]]<ref name="pmid20817281">{{cite journal| author=Mehta SR, Tanguay JF, Eikelboom JW, Jolly SS, Joyner CD, Granger CB et al.| title=Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial. | journal=Lancet | year= 2010 | volume= 376 | issue= 9748 | pages= 1233-43 | pmid=20817281 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61088-4 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20817281  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21300632 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2011 Jun;16(3):80-1] </ref><ref name="pmid17010792">{{cite journal| author=Cuisset T, Frere C, Quilici J, Morange PE, Nait-Saidi L, Carvajal J et al.| title=Benefit of a 600-mg loading dose of clopidogrel on platelet reactivity and clinical outcomes in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing coronary stenting. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2006 | volume= 48 | issue= 7 | pages= 1339-45 | pmid=17010792 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2006.06.049 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17010792  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16260639">{{cite journal| author=von Beckerath N, Taubert D, Pogatsa-Murray G, Schömig E, Kastrati A, Schömig A| title=Absorption, metabolization, and antiplatelet effects of 300-, 600-, and 900-mg loading doses of clopidogrel: results of the ISAR-CHOICE (Intracoronary Stenting and Antithrombotic Regimen: Choose Between 3 High Oral Doses for Immediate Clopidogrel Effect) Trial. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 112 | issue= 19 | pages= 2946-50 | pmid=16260639 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.559088 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16260639  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' or
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'''b)''' [[Prasugrel]]* 60 mg should be given promptly and no later than 1 hour after PCI once coronary anatomy is defined and a decision is made to proceed with PCI.<ref name="pmid18634190">{{cite journal| author=Sosnowski C| title=[Commentary to the article: Wiviott S D, Braunwald E, McCabe C H et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2001-15]. | journal=Kardiol Pol | year= 2008 | volume= 66 | issue= 2 | pages= 222-5; discussion 225-6 | pmid=18634190 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18634190  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
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'''c)''' [[Ticagrelor]]** 180 mg should be given as early as possible before or at the time of PCI.<ref name="pmid19717846">{{cite journal| author=Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, Cannon CP, Emanuelsson H, Held C et al.| title=Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2009 | volume= 361 | issue= 11 | pages= 1045-57 | pmid=19717846 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0904327 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19717846  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20008753 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2009 Dec 15;151(12):JC6-4] </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
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| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''7.''' The duration and maintenance dose of P2Y12 receptor inhibitor therapy should be as follows:
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''7.''' The duration and maintenance dose of P2Y12 receptor inhibitor therapy should be as follows:
:a) In UA/NSTEMI patients undergoing PCI, either clopidogrel 75 mg daily, prasugrel* 10 mg daily, or ticagrelor** 90 mg twice daily should be given for at least 12 months. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
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:b) If the risk of morbidity because of bleeding outweighs the anticipated benefits afforded by thienopyridine therapy, earlier discontinuation should be considered. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
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'''a)''' In UA/NSTEMI patients undergoing PCI, either [[clopidogrel]] 75 mg daily<ref name="pmid11519503">{{cite journal| author=Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK et al.| title=Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 345 | issue= 7 | pages= 494-502 | pmid=11519503 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa010746 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11519503  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11874270 Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 Mar-Apr;136(2):45] </ref><ref name="pmid11520521">{{cite journal| author=Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ, Bertrand ME, Lewis BS, Natarajan MK et al.| title=Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. | journal=Lancet | year= 2001 | volume= 358 | issue= 9281 | pages= 527-33 | pmid=11520521 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11520521  }} </ref>, prasugrel* 10 mg daily<ref name="pmid18634190">{{cite journal| author=Sosnowski C| title=[Commentary to the article: Wiviott S D, Braunwald E, McCabe C H et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2001-15]. | journal=Kardiol Pol | year= 2008 | volume= 66 | issue= 2 | pages= 222-5; discussion 225-6 | pmid=18634190 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18634190  }} </ref>, or ticagrelor** 90 mg twice daily<ref name="pmid19717846">{{cite journal| author=Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, Cannon CP, Emanuelsson H, Held C et al.| title=Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2009 | volume= 361 | issue= 11 | pages= 1045-57 | pmid=19717846 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0904327 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19717846  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20008753 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2009 Dec 15;151(12):JC6-4] </ref> should be given for at least 12 months. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
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'''b)''' If the risk of morbidity because of bleeding outweighs the anticipated benefits afforded by thienopyridine therapy, earlier discontinuation should be considered. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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|bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Abciximab should not be administered to patients in whom PCI is not planned. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Abciximab]] should not be administered to patients in whom PCI is not planned.<ref name="pmid9164316">{{cite journal| author=| title=Randomised placebo-controlled trial of abciximab before and during coronary intervention in refractory unstable angina: the CAPTURE Study. | journal=Lancet | year= 1997 | volume= 349 | issue= 9063 | pages= 1429-35 | pmid=9164316 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9164316  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12551868">{{cite journal| author=Ottervanger JP, Armstrong P, Barnathan ES, Boersma E, Cooper JS, Ohman EM et al.| title=Long-term results after the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor abciximab in unstable angina: one-year survival in the GUSTO IV-ACS (Global Use of Strategies To Open Occluded Coronary Arteries IV--Acute Coronary Syndrome) Trial. | journal=Circulation | year= 2003 | volume= 107 | issue= 3 | pages= 437-42 | pmid=12551868 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12551868  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>


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|bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' In UA/NSTEMI patients who are at low risk for ischemic events (eg, TIMI risk score <2 or =2) or at high risk of bleeding and who are already receiving aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor, upstream GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors are not recommended. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' In UA/NSTEMI patients who are at low risk for ischemic events (eg, TIMI risk score <2 or =2) or at high risk of bleeding and who are already receiving aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor, upstream [[GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors]] are not recommended.<ref name="pmid19332455">{{cite journal| author=Giugliano RP, White JA, Bode C, Armstrong PW, Montalescot G, Lewis BS et al.| title=Early versus delayed, provisional eptifibatide in acute coronary syndromes. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2009 | volume= 360 | issue= 21 | pages= 2176-90 | pmid=19332455 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0901316 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19332455  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17619281">{{cite journal| author=Sosnowski C| title=[Commentary to the article: Stone GW, Bertrand ME, Moses JW et al. Routine upstream initiation vs deferred selective use of glycoprotein IIB/III inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: the ACUITY Timing trial JAMA 2007: 591-602]. | journal=Kardiol Pol | year= 2007 | volume= 65 | issue= 3 | pages= 327-31; discussion 332-3 | pmid=17619281 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17619281  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19332461">{{cite journal| author=Subherwal S, Bach RG, Chen AY, Gage BF, Rao SV, Newby LK et al.| title=Baseline risk of major bleeding in non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: the CRUSADE (Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines) Bleeding Score. | journal=Circulation | year= 2009 | volume= 119 | issue= 14 | pages= 1873-82 | pmid=19332461 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.828541 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19332461  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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|bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' In UA/NSTEMI patients with a prior history of stroke and/or TIA for whom PCI is planned, prasugrel is potentially harmful as part of a dual antiplatelet therapy regimen. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' In UA/NSTEMI patients with a prior history of stroke and/or [[TIA]] for whom [[PCI]] is planned, [[prasugrel]]* is potentially harmful as part of a dual antiplatelet therapy regimen.<ref name="pmid18634190">{{cite journal| author=Sosnowski C| title=[Commentary to the article: Wiviott S D, Braunwald E, McCabe C H et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2001-15]. | journal=Kardiol Pol | year= 2008 | volume= 66 | issue= 2 | pages= 222-5; discussion 225-6 | pmid=18634190 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18634190  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' For UA/NSTEMI patients in whom an initial conservative strategy is selected and who have recurrent ischemic discomfort with aspirin, a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor (clopidogrel or ticagrelor), and anticoagulant therapy, it is reasonable to add a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor before diagnostic angiography. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' For UA/NSTEMI patients in whom an initial conservative strategy is selected and who have recurrent ischemic discomfort with aspirin, a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor ([[clopidogrel]] or [[ticagrelor]]), and anticoagulant therapy, it is reasonable to add a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor before diagnostic angiography. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>


|-
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' For UA/NSTEMI patients in whom an initial invasive strategy is selected, it is reasonable to omit administration of an IV GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor if bivalirudin is selected as the anticoagulant and at least 300 mg of clopidogrel was administered at least 6 hours earlier than planned catheterization or PCI. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' For UA/NSTEMI patients in whom an initial invasive strategy is selected, it is reasonable to omit administration of an IV GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor if bivalirudin is selected as the anticoagulant and at least 300 mg of clopidogrel was administered at least 6 hours earlier than planned catheterization or PCI.<ref name="pmid17299194">{{cite journal| author=Stone GW, Bertrand ME, Moses JW, Ohman EM, Lincoff AM, Ware JH et al.| title=Routine upstream initiation vs deferred selective use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: the ACUITY Timing trial. | journal=JAMA | year= 2007 | volume= 297 | issue= 6 | pages= 591-602 | pmid=17299194 | doi=10.1001/jama.297.6.591 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17299194  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18056903">{{cite journal| author=Stone GW, Ware JH, Bertrand ME, Lincoff AM, Moses JW, Ohman EM et al.| title=Antithrombotic strategies in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing early invasive management: one-year results from the ACUITY trial. | journal=JAMA | year= 2007 | volume= 298 | issue= 21 | pages= 2497-506 | pmid=18056903 | doi=10.1001/jama.298.21.2497 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18056903  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17368152">{{cite journal| author=Stone GW, White HD, Ohman EM, Bertrand ME, Lincoff AM, McLaurin BT et al.| title=Bivalirudin in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a subgroup analysis from the Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage strategy (ACUITY) trial. | journal=Lancet | year= 2007 | volume= 369 | issue= 9565 | pages= 907-19 | pmid=17368152 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60450-4 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17368152  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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Line 82: Line 301:


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|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' For UA/NSTEMI patients in whom an initial conservative (ie, noninvasive) strategy is selected, it may be reasonable to add eptifibatide or tirofiban to anticoagulant and oral antiplatelet therapy. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' For UA/NSTEMI patients in whom an initial conservative (ie, noninvasive) strategy is selected, it may be reasonable to add [[eptifibatide]] or [[tirofiban]] to anticoagulant and oral antiplatelet therapy.<ref name="pmid9599103">{{cite journal| author=| title=Inhibition of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms (PRISM-PLUS) Study Investigators. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1998 | volume= 338 | issue= 21 | pages= 1488-97 | pmid=9599103 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199805213382102 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9599103  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9705684">{{cite journal| author=| title=Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with eptifibatide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The PURSUIT Trial Investigators. Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin Therapy. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1998 | volume= 339 | issue= 7 | pages= 436-43 | pmid=9705684 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199808133390704 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9705684  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>


|-
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' Prasugrel* 60 mg may be considered for administration promptly upon presentation in patients with UA/NSTEMI for whom PCI is planned, before definition of coronary anatomy if both the risk for bleeding is low and the need for CABG is considered unlikely. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' [[Prasugrel]]* 60 mg may be considered for administration promptly upon presentation in patients with UA/NSTEMI for whom PCI is planned, before definition of coronary anatomy if both the risk for bleeding is low and the need for [[CABG]] is considered unlikely.<ref name="pmid18634190">{{cite journal| author=Sosnowski C| title=[Commentary to the article: Wiviott S D, Braunwald E, McCabe C H et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2001-15]. | journal=Kardiol Pol | year= 2008 | volume= 66 | issue= 2 | pages= 222-5; discussion 225-6 | pmid=18634190 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18634190  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19332461">{{cite journal| author=Subherwal S, Bach RG, Chen AY, Gage BF, Rao SV, Newby LK et al.| title=Baseline risk of major bleeding in non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: the CRUSADE (Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines) Bleeding Score. | journal=Circulation | year= 2009 | volume= 119 | issue= 14 | pages= 1873-82 | pmid=19332461 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.828541 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19332461  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>


|-
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' The use of upstream GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors may be considered in high-risk UA/NSTEMI patients already receiving aspirin                              and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor (clopidogrel or ticagrelor) who are selected for an invasive strategy, such as those with elevated troponin levels, diabetes, or significant ST-segment depression, and who are not otherwise at high risk for bleeding. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' The use of upstream GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors may be considered in high-risk UA/NSTEMI patients already receiving aspirin                              and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor (clopidogrel or ticagrelor) who are selected for an invasive strategy, such as those with elevated troponin levels, diabetes, or significant ST-segment depression, and who are not otherwise at high risk for bleeding.<ref name="pmid9599103">{{cite journal| author=| title=Inhibition of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms (PRISM-PLUS) Study Investigators. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1998 | volume= 338 | issue= 21 | pages= 1488-97 | pmid=9599103 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199805213382102 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9599103  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9705684">{{cite journal| author=| title=Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with eptifibatide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The PURSUIT Trial Investigators. Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin Therapy. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1998 | volume= 339 | issue= 7 | pages= 436-43 | pmid=9705684 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199808133390704 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9705684  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11419424">{{cite journal| author=Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulos LA, Vicari R, Frey MJ, Lakkis N et al.| title=Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 344 | issue= 25 | pages= 1879-87 | pmid=11419424 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200106213442501 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11419424  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11829545 Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 Jan-Feb;136(1):4] </ref><ref name="pmid19332455">{{cite journal| author=Giugliano RP, White JA, Bode C, Armstrong PW, Montalescot G, Lewis BS et al.| title=Early versus delayed, provisional eptifibatide in acute coronary syndromes. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2009 | volume= 360 | issue= 21 | pages= 2176-90 | pmid=19332455 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0901316 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19332455  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16533938">{{cite journal| author=Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Neumann FJ, Dotzer F, ten Berg J, Bollwein H et al.| title=Abciximab in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention after clopidogrel pretreatment: the ISAR-REACT 2 randomized trial. | journal=JAMA | year= 2006 | volume= 295 | issue= 13 | pages= 1531-8 | pmid=16533938 | doi=10.1001/jama.295.13.joc60034 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16533938  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16813356 Review in: ACP J Club. 2006 Jul-Aug;145(1):8] </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>


|-
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' In patients with definite UA/NSTEMI undergoing PCI as part of an early invasive strategy, the use of a loading dose of clopidogrel of 600 mg, ''followed by a higher maintenance dose of 150 mg daily for 6 days'', then 75 mg daily may be reasonable in patients not considered at high risk for bleeding. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' In patients with definite UA/NSTEMI undergoing PCI as part of an early invasive strategy, the use of a loading dose of [[clopidogrel]] of 600 mg, ''followed by a higher maintenance dose of 150 mg daily for 6 days'', then 75 mg daily may be reasonable in patients not considered at high risk for bleeding.<ref name="pmid20817281">{{cite journal| author=Mehta SR, Tanguay JF, Eikelboom JW, Jolly SS, Joyner CD, Granger CB et al.| title=Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial. | journal=Lancet | year= 2010 | volume= 376 | issue= 9748 | pages= 1233-43 | pmid=20817281 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61088-4 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20817281  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21300632 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2011 Jun;16(3):80-1] </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
|}


<nowiki>*</nowiki>Patients weighing <60 kg have an increased exposure to the active metabolite of prasugrel and an increased risk of bleeding on a 10-mg once– daily maintenance dose. Consideration should be given to lowering the maintenance dose to 5 mg in patients who weigh <60 kg, although the effectiveness and safety of the 5-mg dose have not been studied prospectively. For post-PCI patients receiving a BMS or DES, a daily maintenance dose should be given for at least 12 months and for up to 15 months unless the risk of bleeding outweighs the anticipated net benefit afforded by a thienopyridine. Do not use prasugrel in patients with active pathological bleeding or a history of TIA or stroke. In patients >75 years of age, prasugrel is generally not recommended because of the increased risk of fatal and intracranial bleeding and uncertain benefit except in high-risk situations (patients with diabetes or a history of prior MI), in which its effect appears to be greater and its use may be considered. Do not start prasugrel in patients likely to undergo urgent CABG. When possible, discontinue prasugrel at least 7 days before any surgery.35 Additional risk factors for bleeding include body weight <60 kg, propensity to bleed, and concomitant use of medications that increase the risk of bleeding (eg, warfarin, heparin, fibrinolytic therapy, or chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).
{{cquote|
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Patients weighing <60 kg have an increased exposure to the active metabolite of prasugrel and an increased risk of bleeding on a 10-mg once– daily maintenance dose. Consideration should be given to lowering the maintenance dose to 5 mg in patients who weigh <60 kg, although the effectiveness and safety of the 5-mg dose have not been studied prospectively. For post-PCI patients receiving a BMS or DES, a daily maintenance dose should be given for at least 12 months and for up to 15 months unless the risk of bleeding outweighs the anticipated net benefit afforded by a thienopyridine. Do not use prasugrel in patients with active pathological bleeding or a history of TIA or stroke. In patients >75 years of age, prasugrel is generally not recommended because of the increased risk of fatal and intracranial bleeding and uncertain benefit except in high-risk situations (patients with diabetes or a history of prior MI), in which its effect appears to be greater and its use may be considered. Do not start prasugrel in patients likely to undergo urgent CABG. When possible, discontinue prasugrel at least 7 days before any surgery.35 Additional risk factors for bleeding include body weight <60 kg, propensity to bleed, and concomitant use of medications that increase the risk of bleeding (eg, warfarin, heparin, fibrinolytic therapy, or chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).


<nowiki>**</nowiki>The recommended maintenance dose of aspirin to be used with ticagrelor is 81 mg daily. Ticagrelor's benefits were observed irrespective of prior therapy with clopidogrel. When possible, discontinue ticagrelor at least 5 days before any surgery. Issues of patient compliance may be especially important. Consideration should be given to the potential and as yet undetermined risk of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with prior stroke or TIA.
<nowiki>**</nowiki> The recommended maintenance dose of aspirin to be used with ticagrelor is 81 mg daily. Ticagrelor's benefits were observed irrespective of prior therapy with clopidogrel. When possible, discontinue ticagrelor at least 5 days before any surgery. Issues of patient compliance may be especially important. Consideration should be given to the potential and as yet undetermined risk of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with prior stroke or TIA.


<nowiki>#</nowiki>Applies to patients who were not treated chronically with these medications.
<nowiki>***</nowiki> Applies to patients who were not treated chronically with these medications.}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
 
{{WS}}
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
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[[Category:Ischemic heart diseases]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
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[[Category:Patient information]]
[[Category:Ischemic heart diseases]]
[[Category:Cardiology patient information]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine patient information]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]
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Latest revision as of 21:14, 5 December 2022
Resident
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Acute Coronary Syndrome Main Page

Unstable angina / NSTEMI Microchapters

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Unstable angina NSTEMI Antiplatelet therapy recommendations On the Web

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Risk calculators and risk factors for Unstable angina NSTEMI Antiplatelet therapy recommendations

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Arzu Kalayci, M.D. [2]

Overview

The current most updated guidelines state that for UA/NSTEMI patients presenting to the hospital, aspirin should be administered immediately, and if the patient cannot take aspirin, another anti-platelet agent, namely clopidogrel or prasugrel (in PCI treated patients) should be given. UA/NSTEMI patients at moderate to high risk who will be undergoing PCI should be given dual antiplatelet therapy consisting of aspirin and one of the following; clopidogrel, ticagrelor, eptifibatide and prasugrel, depending on whether the second agent is given before or during PCI. Addtional situation specific guidelines are given below.

2016 ACC/AHA Guideline Focused Update on Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease (Updating the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes (DO NOT EDIT))

Recommendations for Duration of DAPT in Patients With ACS Treated With Medical Therapy Alone[1]

Class I
"1.In patients with ACS who are managed with medical therapy alone (without revascularization or fibrinolytic therapy) and treated with DAPT, P2Y12 inhibitor therapy (clopidogrel or ticagrelor) should be continued for at least 12 monthsLevel of Evidence: B-R)"
"2.In patients treated with DAPT, a daily aspirin dose of 81 mg (range, 75 mg to 100 mg) is recommended(Level of Evidence: B-NR)"
Class IIa
"1.In patients with NSTE–ACS who are managed with medical therapy alone (without revascularization or fibrinolytic therapy) and treated with DAPT, it is reasonable to use ticagrelor in preference to clopidogrel for maintenance P2Y12 inhibitor therapy(Level of Evidence: B-R)"
Class IIb
"1.In patients with ACS treated with medical therapy alone (without revascularization or fibrinolytic therapy) who have

tolerated DAPT without bleeding complication and who are not at high bleeding risk (e.g., prior bleeding on DAPT, coagulopathy, oral anticoagulant use), continuation of DAPT for longer than 12 months may be reasonable(Level of Evidence: A SR)"

Initial Oral and Intravenous Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Definite or Likely NSTEACS Treated With an Initial Invasive or Ischemia-Guided Strategy

Class I
"1. Non–enteric-coated, chewable aspirin (162 mg to 325 mg) should be given to all patients with NSTE-ACS without contraindications as soon as possible after presentation, and a maintenance dose of aspirin (81 mg/d to 162 mg/d) should be continued indefinitely. (Level of Evidence: A)"
"2. In patients with NSTE-ACS who are unable to take aspirin because of hypersensitivity or major gastrointestinal intolerance, a loading dose of clopidogrel followed by a daily maintenance dose should be administered. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"3. A P2Y12 inhibitor (either clopidogrel or ticagrelor) in addition to aspirin should be administered for up to 12 months to all patients with NSTE-ACS without contraindications who are treated with either an early invasive§ or ischemia-guided strategy. Options include:
Class IIa
"1. It is reasonable to use ticagrelor in preference to clopidogrel for P2Y12 treatment in patients with NSTE-ACS who undergo an early invasive or ischemia-guided strategy. (Level of Evidence: B)"
Class IIb
"1. In patients with NSTE-ACS treated with an early invasive strategy and dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with intermediate/high-risk features (e.g., positive troponin), a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor may be considered as part of initial antiplatelet therapy. Preferred options are eptifibatide or tirofiban. (Level of Evidence: B)"

PCI—Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Therapy

Oral and Intravenous Antiplatelet Agents

Class I
"1. Patients already taking daily aspirin before PCI should take 81 mg to 325 mg non–enteric-coated aspirin before PCI. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"2. Patients not on aspirin therapy should be given non–enteric-coated aspirin 325 mg as soon as possible before PCI. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"3. After PCI, aspirin should be continued indefinitely at a dose of 81 mg to 325 mg daily. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"4. A loading dose of a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor should be given before the procedure in patients undergoing PCI with stenting. (Level of Evidence: A) Options include:

a. Clopidogrel: 600 mg (Level of Evidence: B) or
b. Prasugrel: 60 mg (Level of Evidence: B) or
c. Ticagrelor: 180 mg (Level of Evidence: B)"

"5. In patients with NSTE-ACS and high-risk features (e.g., elevated troponin) not adequately pretreated with clopidogrel or ticagrelor, it is useful to administer a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor (abciximab, double-bolus eptifibatide, or high-dose bolus tirofiban) at the time of PCI. (Level of Evidence: A)"
"6. In patients receiving a stent (bare-metal stent or drug-eluting stent [DES]) during PCI for NSTEACS,

P2Y12 inhibitor therapy should be given for at least 12 months. Options include:
a. Clopidogrel: 75 mg daily (Level of Evidence: B) or
b. Prasugrel: 10 mg daily (Level of Evidence: B) or
c. Ticagrelor: 90 mg twice daily (Level of Evidence: B)"

Class III (No Benefit)
"1. Prasugrel should not be administered to patients with a prior history of stroke or transient ischemic attack. (Level of Evidence: B-R)"
Class IIa
"1. It is reasonable to choose ticagrelor over clopidogrel for P2Y12 inhibition treatment in patients with NSTE-ACS treated with an early invasive strategy and/or coronary stenting. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"2. It is reasonable to choose prasugrel over clopidogrel for P2Y12 treatment in patients with NSTEACS who undergo PCI who are not at high risk of bleeding complications. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"3. In patients with NSTE-ACS and high-risk features (e.g., elevated troponin) treated with UFH and adequately pretreated with clopidogrel, it is reasonable to administer a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor (abciximab, double-bolus eptifibatide, or high-bolus dose tirofiban) at the time of PCI. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"4. After PCI, it is reasonable to use 81 mg per day of aspirin in preference to higher maintenance doses. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"5. If the risk of morbidity from bleeding outweighs the anticipated benefit of a recommended duration of P2Y12 inhibitor therapy after stent implantation, earlier discontinuation (e.g., <12 months) of P2Y12 inhibitor therapy is reasonable. (Level of Evidence: C)"
"6. In patients with ACS (NSTE-ACS or STEMI) treated with DAPT after coronary stent implantation and in patients with NSTE-ACS treated with medical therapy alone (without revascularization), it is reasonable to use ticagrelor in preference to clopidogrel for maintenance P2Y12 inhibitor therapy (Level of Evidence: B-R)"
"7. In patients with ACS (NSTE-ACS or STEMI) treated with DAPT after coronary stent implantation who are not at high risk for bleeding complications and who do not have a history of stroke or TIA, it is reasonable to choose prasugrel over clopidogrel for maintenance P2Y12 inhibitor therapy (Level of Evidence: B-R)"

Recommendation for aspirin dosing in patients treated with DAPT

Class I
"1. In patients treated with DAPT, a daily aspirin dose of 81 mg (range, 75 mg to 100 mg) is recommended(Level of Evidence: B-NR)"

Recommendations for duration of DAPT in patients with ACS treated with PCI

Class I
"1. In patients with ACS (NSTE-ACS or STEMI) treated with DAPT after BMS or DES implantation, P2Y12 inhibitor therapy (clopidogrel, prasugrel, or ticagrelor) should be given for at least 12 months(Level of Evidence: B-R)"
"2. In patients treated with DAPT, a daily aspirin dose of 81 mg (range, 75 mg to 100 mg) is recommended(Level of Evidence: B-NR)"
Class IIa
"1. In patients with ACS (NSTE-ACS or STEMI) treated with DAPT after coronary stent implantation, it is reasonable to use ticagrelor in preference to clopidogrel for maintenance P2Y12 inhibitor therapy ( (Level of Evidence: B-R)"
"2. In patients with ACS (NSTE-ACS or STEMI) treated with DAPT after coronary stent implantation who are not at high risk for bleeding complications and who do not have a history of stroke or TIA, it is reasonable to choose prasugrel

over clopidogrel for maintenance P2Y12 inhibitor therapy (Level of Evidence: B-R)"

Class IIb
"1. In patients with ACS (NSTE-ACS or STEMI) treated with coronary stent implantation who have tolerated DAPT without a bleeding complication and who are not at high bleeding risk (e.g., prior bleeding on DAPT, coagulopathy,

oral anticoagulant use), continuation of DAPT (clopidogrel, prasugrel, or ticagrelor) for longer than 12 months may be reasonable (Level of Evidence: A)"

"2. In patients with ACS treated with DAPT after DES implantation who develop a high risk of bleeding (e.g., treatment with oral anticoagulant therapy), are at high risk of severe bleeding complication (e.g., major intracranial surgery),

or develop significant overt bleeding, discontinuation of P2Y12 inhibitor therapy after 6 months may be reasonable (Level of Evidence: C-LD)"

Class III (Harm)
"1. Prasugrel should not be administered to patients with a prior history of stroke or TIA (Level of Evidence: B-R)"

Medical Regimen and Use of Medications at Discharge

Combined Oral Anticoagulant Therapy and Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With NSTEACS

Class I
"1. The duration of triple antithrombotic therapy with a vitamin K antagonist, aspirin, and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor in patients with NSTE-ACS should be minimized to the extent possible to limit the risk of bleeding. (Level of Evidence: C)"
"2. Proton pump inhibitors should be prescribed in patients with NSTE-ACS with a history of gastrointestinal bleeding who require triple antithrombotic therapy with a vitamin K antagonist, aspirin, and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. (Level of Evidence: C)"
Class IIa
"1. Proton pump inhibitor use is reasonable in patients with NSTE-ACS without a known history of gastrointestinal bleeding who require triple antithrombotic therapy with a vitamin K antagonist, aspirin, and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. (Level of Evidence: C)"
Class IIb
"1. Targeting oral anticoagulant therapy to a lower international normalized ratio (INR) (e.g., 2.0 to 2.5) may be reasonable in patients with NSTE-ACS managed with aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor. (Level of Evidence: C)"

2012 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guideline for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (Updating the 2007 Guideline and Replacing the 2011 Focused Update) (DO NOT EDIT)[2]

Antiplatelet therapy (DO NOT EDIT)[2]

Class I
"1. Aspirin should be administered to UA/NSTEMI patients as soon as possible after hospital presentation and continued indefinitely in patients who tolerate it.[3][4][5][6][7] (Level of Evidence: A)"
"2. A loading dose followed by daily maintenance dose of either clopidogrel[8][9][10] (Level of Evidence: C), prasugrel* (in PCI-treated patients)[11] (Level of Evidence: C), or ticagrelor**[12] (Level of Evidence: C) should be administered to UA/NSTEMI patients who are unable to take aspirin because of hypersensitivity or major GI intolerance."
"3. Patients with definite UA/NSTEMI at medium or high risk and in whom an initial invasive strategy is selected should receive dual antiplatelet therapy on presentation.[8][13][14][15] (Level of Evidence: A) Aspirin should be initiated on presentation.[3][16][17][5][6][7][18] (Level of Evidence: A) The choice of a second antiplatelet therapy to be added to aspirin on presentation includes 1 of the following:

a) Before PCI:

b) At the time of PCI:

"4. For UA/NSTEMI patients in whom an initial conservative (ie, noninvasive) strategy is selected, clopidogrel or Ticagrelor** (loading dose followed by daily maintenance dose) should be added to aspirin and anticoagulant therapy as soon as possible after admission and administered for up to 12 months.[19][25][8] (Level of Evidence: B)"
"5. For UA/NSTEMI patients in whom an initial conservative strategy is selected, if recurrent symptoms/ischemia, heart failure, or serious arrhythmias subsequently appear, then diagnostic angiography should be performed.[26][27] (Level of Evidence: A) Either an IV GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor (eptifibatide or tirofiban[24][20][21] Level of Evidence: A), clopidogrel (loading dose followed by daily maintenance dose[8] Level of Evidence: B), or ticagrelor** (loading dose followed by daily maintenance dose[19] Level of Evidence: B) should be added to aspirin and anticoagulant therapy before diagnostic angiography (upstream). (Level of Evidence: C)"
"6. A loading dose of P2Y12 receptor inhibitor therapy is recommended for UA/NSTEMI patients for whom PCI is planned.*** Regimens should be 1 of the following:

a) Clopidogrel 600 mg should be given as early as possible before or at the time of PCI[28][29][30] (Level of Evidence: A) or

b) Prasugrel* 60 mg should be given promptly and no later than 1 hour after PCI once coronary anatomy is defined and a decision is made to proceed with PCI.[31] (Level of Evidence: B)

c) Ticagrelor** 180 mg should be given as early as possible before or at the time of PCI.[19] (Level of Evidence: B)"

"7. The duration and maintenance dose of P2Y12 receptor inhibitor therapy should be as follows:

a) In UA/NSTEMI patients undergoing PCI, either clopidogrel 75 mg daily[8][13], prasugrel* 10 mg daily[31], or ticagrelor** 90 mg twice daily[19] should be given for at least 12 months. (Level of Evidence: B)

b) If the risk of morbidity because of bleeding outweighs the anticipated benefits afforded by thienopyridine therapy, earlier discontinuation should be considered. (Level of Evidence: C)"

Class III: No Benefit
"1. Abciximab should not be administered to patients in whom PCI is not planned.[24][23] (Level of Evidence: A)"
"2. In UA/NSTEMI patients who are at low risk for ischemic events (eg, TIMI risk score <2 or =2) or at high risk of bleeding and who are already receiving aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor, upstream GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors are not recommended.[32][33][34] (Level of Evidence: B)"
Class III: Harm
"1. In UA/NSTEMI patients with a prior history of stroke and/or TIA for whom PCI is planned, prasugrel* is potentially harmful as part of a dual antiplatelet therapy regimen.[31] (Level of Evidence: B)"
Class IIa
"1. For UA/NSTEMI patients in whom an initial conservative strategy is selected and who have recurrent ischemic discomfort with aspirin, a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor (clopidogrel or ticagrelor), and anticoagulant therapy, it is reasonable to add a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor before diagnostic angiography. (Level of Evidence: C)"
"2. For UA/NSTEMI patients in whom an initial invasive strategy is selected, it is reasonable to omit administration of an IV GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor if bivalirudin is selected as the anticoagulant and at least 300 mg of clopidogrel was administered at least 6 hours earlier than planned catheterization or PCI.[35][36][37] (Level of Evidence: B)"
Class IIb
"1. For UA/NSTEMI patients in whom an initial conservative (ie, noninvasive) strategy is selected, it may be reasonable to add eptifibatide or tirofiban to anticoagulant and oral antiplatelet therapy.[20][21] (Level of Evidence: B)"
"2. Prasugrel* 60 mg may be considered for administration promptly upon presentation in patients with UA/NSTEMI for whom PCI is planned, before definition of coronary anatomy if both the risk for bleeding is low and the need for CABG is considered unlikely.[31][34] (Level of Evidence: C)"
"3. The use of upstream GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors may be considered in high-risk UA/NSTEMI patients already receiving aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor (clopidogrel or ticagrelor) who are selected for an invasive strategy, such as those with elevated troponin levels, diabetes, or significant ST-segment depression, and who are not otherwise at high risk for bleeding.[20][21][26][32][38] (Level of Evidence: B)"
"4. In patients with definite UA/NSTEMI undergoing PCI as part of an early invasive strategy, the use of a loading dose of clopidogrel of 600 mg, followed by a higher maintenance dose of 150 mg daily for 6 days, then 75 mg daily may be reasonable in patients not considered at high risk for bleeding.[28] (Level of Evidence: B)"
“

* Patients weighing <60 kg have an increased exposure to the active metabolite of prasugrel and an increased risk of bleeding on a 10-mg once– daily maintenance dose. Consideration should be given to lowering the maintenance dose to 5 mg in patients who weigh <60 kg, although the effectiveness and safety of the 5-mg dose have not been studied prospectively. For post-PCI patients receiving a BMS or DES, a daily maintenance dose should be given for at least 12 months and for up to 15 months unless the risk of bleeding outweighs the anticipated net benefit afforded by a thienopyridine. Do not use prasugrel in patients with active pathological bleeding or a history of TIA or stroke. In patients >75 years of age, prasugrel is generally not recommended because of the increased risk of fatal and intracranial bleeding and uncertain benefit except in high-risk situations (patients with diabetes or a history of prior MI), in which its effect appears to be greater and its use may be considered. Do not start prasugrel in patients likely to undergo urgent CABG. When possible, discontinue prasugrel at least 7 days before any surgery.35 Additional risk factors for bleeding include body weight <60 kg, propensity to bleed, and concomitant use of medications that increase the risk of bleeding (eg, warfarin, heparin, fibrinolytic therapy, or chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).

** The recommended maintenance dose of aspirin to be used with ticagrelor is 81 mg daily. Ticagrelor's benefits were observed irrespective of prior therapy with clopidogrel. When possible, discontinue ticagrelor at least 5 days before any surgery. Issues of patient compliance may be especially important. Consideration should be given to the potential and as yet undetermined risk of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with prior stroke or TIA.

*** Applies to patients who were not treated chronically with these medications.

”

References

  1. ↑ Ezra A. Amsterdam, MD, FACC; Nanette K. Wenger, MD et al.2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. JACC. September 2014 (ahead of print)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Jneid H, Anderson JL, Wright RS, Adams CD, Bridges CR, Casey DE; et al. (2012). "2012 ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (updating the 2007 guideline and replacing the 2011 focused update): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol. 60 (7): 645–81. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.06.004. PMID 22809746.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy--I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration". BMJ. 308 (6921): 81–106. 1994. PMC 2539220. PMID 8298418.
  4. ↑ Antithrombotic Trialists' (ATT) Collaboration. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, Emberson J, Godwin J; et al. (2009). "Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials". Lancet. 373 (9678): 1849–60. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60503-1. PMC 2715005. PMID 19482214. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2009 Sep 15;151(6):JC3-4, JC3-5 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2009 Dec;14(6):172-3
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lewis HD, Davis JW, Archibald DG, Steinke WE, Smitherman TC, Doherty JE; et al. (1983). "Protective effects of aspirin against acute myocardial infarction and death in men with unstable angina. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study". N Engl J Med. 309 (7): 396–403. doi:10.1056/NEJM198308183090703. PMID 6135989.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH (1997). "Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men". N Engl J Med. 336 (14): 973–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199704033361401. PMID 9077376.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Risk of myocardial infarction and death during treatment with low dose aspirin and intravenous heparin in men with unstable coronary artery disease. The RISC Group". Lancet. 336 (8719): 827–30. 1990. PMID 1976875.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK; et al. (2001). "Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation". N Engl J Med. 345 (7): 494–502. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa010746. PMID 11519503. Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 Mar-Apr;136(2):45
  9. ↑ CAPRIE Steering Committee (1996). "A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee". Lancet. 348 (9038): 1329–39. PMID 8918275.
  10. ↑ Gollapudi RR, Teirstein PS, Stevenson DD, Simon RA (2004). "Aspirin sensitivity: implications for patients with coronary artery disease". JAMA. 292 (24): 3017–23. doi:10.1001/jama.292.24.3017. PMID 15613671.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Ge J, Zhu J, Hong BK, Boonbaichaiyapruck S, Goh YS, Hou CJ; et al. (2010). "Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in Asian patients with acute coronary syndromes: design and rationale of a multi-dose, pharmacodynamic, phase 3 clinical trial". Curr Med Res Opin. 26 (9): 2077–85. doi:10.1185/03007995.2010.502048. PMID 20629598.
  12. ↑ Husted S, James S, Becker RC, Horrow J, Katus H, Storey RF; et al. (2012). "Ticagrelor Versus Clopidogrel in Elderly Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Substudy From the Prospective Randomized PLATelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) Trial". Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 5 (5): 680–688. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.964395. PMID 22991347.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ, Bertrand ME, Lewis BS, Natarajan MK; et al. (2001). "Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study". Lancet. 358 (9281): 527–33. PMID 11520521.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Boersma E, Harrington RA, Moliterno DJ, White H, Théroux P, Van de Werf F; et al. (2002). "Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of all major randomised clinical trials". Lancet. 359 (9302): 189–98. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07442-1. PMID 11812552. Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 Jul-Aug;137(1):2
  15. ↑ Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Mann JT, Fry ET, DeLago A, Wilmer C; et al. (2002). "Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA. 288 (19): 2411–20. PMID 12435254. Review in: ACP J Club. 2003 Jul-Aug;139(1):2
  16. ↑ Cairns JA, Gent M, Singer J, Finnie KJ, Froggatt GM, Holder DA; et al. (1985). "Aspirin, sulfinpyrazone, or both in unstable angina. Results of a Canadian multicenter trial". N Engl J Med. 313 (22): 1369–75. doi:10.1056/NEJM198511283132201. PMID 3903504.
  17. ↑ Cohen M, Adams PC, Parry G, Xiong J, Chamberlain D, Wieczorek I; et al. (1994). "Combination antithrombotic therapy in unstable rest angina and non-Q-wave infarction in nonprior aspirin users. Primary end points analysis from the ATACS trial. Antithrombotic Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndromes Research Group". Circulation. 89 (1): 81–8. PMID 8281698.
  18. ↑ Théroux P, Ouimet H, McCans J, Latour JG, Joly P, Lévy G; et al. (1988). "Aspirin, heparin, or both to treat acute unstable angina". N Engl J Med. 319 (17): 1105–11. doi:10.1056/NEJM198810273191701. PMID 3050522.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, Cannon CP, Emanuelsson H, Held C; et al. (2009). "Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes". N Engl J Med. 361 (11): 1045–57. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0904327. PMID 19717846. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2009 Dec 15;151(12):JC6-4
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 "Inhibition of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms (PRISM-PLUS) Study Investigators". N Engl J Med. 338 (21): 1488–97. 1998. doi:10.1056/NEJM199805213382102. PMID 9599103.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 "Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with eptifibatide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The PURSUIT Trial Investigators. Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin Therapy". N Engl J Med. 339 (7): 436–43. 1998. doi:10.1056/NEJM199808133390704. PMID 9705684.
  22. ↑ Simoons ML, GUSTO IV-ACS Investigators (2001). "Effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blocker abciximab on outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes without early coronary revascularisation: the GUSTO IV-ACS randomised trial". Lancet. 357 (9272): 1915–24. PMID 11425411. Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 Mar-Apr;136(2):44
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Ottervanger JP, Armstrong P, Barnathan ES, Boersma E, Cooper JS, Ohman EM; et al. (2003). "Long-term results after the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor abciximab in unstable angina: one-year survival in the GUSTO IV-ACS (Global Use of Strategies To Open Occluded Coronary Arteries IV--Acute Coronary Syndrome) Trial". Circulation. 107 (3): 437–42. PMID 12551868.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "Randomised placebo-controlled trial of abciximab before and during coronary intervention in refractory unstable angina: the CAPTURE Study". Lancet. 349 (9063): 1429–35. 1997. PMID 9164316.
  25. ↑ James SK, Roe MT, Cannon CP, Cornel JH, Horrow J, Husted S; et al. (2011). "Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes intended for non-invasive management: substudy from prospective randomised PLATelet inhibition and patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial". BMJ. 342: d3527. doi:10.1136/bmj.d3527. PMC 3117310. PMID 21685437.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulos LA, Vicari R, Frey MJ, Lakkis N; et al. (2001). "Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban". N Engl J Med. 344 (25): 1879–87. doi:10.1056/NEJM200106213442501. PMID 11419424. Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 Jan-Feb;136(1):4
  27. ↑ "Invasive compared with non-invasive treatment in unstable coronary-artery disease: FRISC II prospective randomised multicentre study. FRagmin and Fast Revascularisation during InStability in Coronary artery disease Investigators". Lancet. 354 (9180): 708–15. 1999. PMID 10475181.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Mehta SR, Tanguay JF, Eikelboom JW, Jolly SS, Joyner CD, Granger CB; et al. (2010). "Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial". Lancet. 376 (9748): 1233–43. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61088-4. PMID 20817281. Review in: Evid Based Med. 2011 Jun;16(3):80-1
  29. ↑ Cuisset T, Frere C, Quilici J, Morange PE, Nait-Saidi L, Carvajal J; et al. (2006). "Benefit of a 600-mg loading dose of clopidogrel on platelet reactivity and clinical outcomes in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing coronary stenting". J Am Coll Cardiol. 48 (7): 1339–45. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.06.049. PMID 17010792.
  30. ↑ von Beckerath N, Taubert D, Pogatsa-Murray G, Schömig E, Kastrati A, Schömig A (2005). "Absorption, metabolization, and antiplatelet effects of 300-, 600-, and 900-mg loading doses of clopidogrel: results of the ISAR-CHOICE (Intracoronary Stenting and Antithrombotic Regimen: Choose Between 3 High Oral Doses for Immediate Clopidogrel Effect) Trial". Circulation. 112 (19): 2946–50. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.559088. PMID 16260639.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Sosnowski C (2008). "[Commentary to the article: Wiviott S D, Braunwald E, McCabe C H et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2001-15]". Kardiol Pol. 66 (2): 222–5, discussion 225-6. PMID 18634190.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Giugliano RP, White JA, Bode C, Armstrong PW, Montalescot G, Lewis BS; et al. (2009). "Early versus delayed, provisional eptifibatide in acute coronary syndromes". N Engl J Med. 360 (21): 2176–90. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0901316. PMID 19332455.
  33. ↑ Sosnowski C (2007). "[Commentary to the article: Stone GW, Bertrand ME, Moses JW et al. Routine upstream initiation vs deferred selective use of glycoprotein IIB/III inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: the ACUITY Timing trial JAMA 2007: 591-602]". Kardiol Pol. 65 (3): 327–31, discussion 332-3. PMID 17619281.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Subherwal S, Bach RG, Chen AY, Gage BF, Rao SV, Newby LK; et al. (2009). "Baseline risk of major bleeding in non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: the CRUSADE (Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines) Bleeding Score". Circulation. 119 (14): 1873–82. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.828541. PMID 19332461.
  35. ↑ Stone GW, Bertrand ME, Moses JW, Ohman EM, Lincoff AM, Ware JH; et al. (2007). "Routine upstream initiation vs deferred selective use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: the ACUITY Timing trial". JAMA. 297 (6): 591–602. doi:10.1001/jama.297.6.591. PMID 17299194.
  36. ↑ Stone GW, Ware JH, Bertrand ME, Lincoff AM, Moses JW, Ohman EM; et al. (2007). "Antithrombotic strategies in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing early invasive management: one-year results from the ACUITY trial". JAMA. 298 (21): 2497–506. doi:10.1001/jama.298.21.2497. PMID 18056903.
  37. ↑ Stone GW, White HD, Ohman EM, Bertrand ME, Lincoff AM, McLaurin BT; et al. (2007). "Bivalirudin in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a subgroup analysis from the Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage strategy (ACUITY) trial". Lancet. 369 (9565): 907–19. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60450-4. PMID 17368152.
  38. ↑ Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Neumann FJ, Dotzer F, ten Berg J, Bollwein H; et al. (2006). "Abciximab in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention after clopidogrel pretreatment: the ISAR-REACT 2 randomized trial". JAMA. 295 (13): 1531–8. doi:10.1001/jama.295.13.joc60034. PMID 16533938. Review in: ACP J Club. 2006 Jul-Aug;145(1):8

References

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