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{{Pulmonary embolism}}
{{Pulmonary embolism}}
{{PE editors}}
'''Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com], {{ATI}}; {{AE}} {{Rim}}


'''''Synonyms and Keywords:''''' PE
==Overview==
[[Pulmonary embolism]] (PE) is associated with the presence of [[tachycardia]] and [[tachypnea]].  [[Signs]] of [[right ventricular failure]] include [[jugular venous distension]], a [[Heart sounds#Third heart sound S3|right sided S3]], and a [[Parasternal heave|parasternal lift]].  These [[signs]] are often present in cases of massive and submassive pulmonary emboli, also known as intermediate-risk and high-risk respectively.<ref name="pmid17904458">{{cite journal |author=Stein PD, Beemath A, Matta F, Weg JG, Yusen RD, Hales CA, Hull RD, Leeper KV, Sostman HD, Tapson VF, Buckley JD, Gottschalk A, Goodman LR, Wakefied TW, Woodard PK |title=Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: data from PIOPED II |journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]] |volume=120 |issue=10 |pages=871–9 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17904458 |pmc=2071924 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.03.024 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9343(07)00463-9 |accessdate=2012-04-29}}</ref><ref name="pmid18757870">{{cite journal| author=Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S, Agnelli G, Galiè N, Pruszczyk P et al.| title=Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2008 | volume= 29 | issue= 18 | pages= 2276-315 | pmid=18757870 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn310 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18757870  }} </ref>  Since [[PE]] most commonly occurs as a complication of [[deep vein thrombosis]] (DVT), the physical examination should include an assessment of the lower extremities for [[erythema]], [[tenderness]], and/or [[swelling]].


==Overview==
==Physical Examination==
Pulmonary embolism is associated with the presence of [[tachycardia]] and [[tachypnea]]. Signs of [[right ventricular failure]] including [[Jugular venous pressure#Assessment of Jugular Venous Distention|jugular venous distension]], [[Heart sounds#Third heart sound S3|right sided S3]] and [[Parasternal heave|parasternal lift]] are present in cases of massive PE.<ref name="pmid17904458">{{cite journal |author=Stein PD, Beemath A, Matta F, Weg JG, Yusen RD, Hales CA, Hull RD, Leeper KV, Sostman HD, Tapson VF, Buckley JD, Gottschalk A, Goodman LR, Wakefied TW, Woodard PK |title=Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: data from PIOPED II |journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]] |volume=120 |issue=10 |pages=871–9 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17904458 |pmc=2071924 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.03.024 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9343(07)00463-9 |accessdate=2012-04-29}}</ref>


==Appearance of the Patient==
===Appearance of the Patient===
The patient may appear anxious due to difficulty breathing. More severe cases may be associated with [[cyanosis]].
The patient may appear anxious due to difficulty breathing. More severe cases may be associated with [[cyanosis]].


==Vital Signs==
===Vital Signs===
===Temperature===
====Temperature====
*Patient is often afebrile.
*The patient may have a [[low grade fever]]


===Pulse===
====Pulse====
=====Rate=====
=====Rate=====
*[[Tachycardia]] may be present.<ref name="pmid17904458">{{cite journal |author=Stein PD, Beemath A, Matta F, Weg JG, Yusen RD, Hales CA, Hull RD, Leeper KV, Sostman HD, Tapson VF, Buckley JD, Gottschalk A, Goodman LR, Wakefied TW, Woodard PK |title=Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: data from PIOPED II |journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]] |volume=120 |issue=10 |pages=871–9 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17904458 |pmc=2071924 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.03.024 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9343(07)00463-9 |accessdate=2012-04-29}}</ref>
*[[Tachycardia]] is present in 26% of the cases.<ref name="pmid18757870">{{cite journal| author=Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S, Agnelli G, Galiè N, Pruszczyk P et al.| title=Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2008 | volume= 29 | issue= 18 | pages= 2276-315 | pmid=18757870 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn310 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18757870  }} </ref>
 
=====Rhythm=====
=====Rhythm=====
*The pulse is regular.
*The pulse is regular.


=====Strength=====
=====Strength=====
*The pulse may be bounding and strong.
*The pulse may be weak if the patient is in [[shock]].


=====Symmetry=====
=====Symmetry=====
*The pulses are symmetric.
*The pulses are symmetric.


===Respiratory Rate===
====Respiratory Rate====
*[[Tachypnea]] may be present.<ref name="pmid17904458">{{cite journal |author=Stein PD, Beemath A, Matta F, Weg JG, Yusen RD, Hales CA, Hull RD, Leeper KV, Sostman HD, Tapson VF, Buckley JD, Gottschalk A, Goodman LR, Wakefied TW, Woodard PK |title=Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: data from PIOPED II |journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]] |volume=120 |issue=10 |pages=871–9 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17904458 |pmc=2071924 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.03.024 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9343(07)00463-9 |accessdate=2012-04-29}}</ref>
*[[Tachypnea]] is present in 70% of the cases.<ref name="pmid18757870">{{cite journal| author=Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S, Agnelli G, Galiè N, Pruszczyk P et al.| title=Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2008 | volume= 29 | issue= 18 | pages= 2276-315 | pmid=18757870 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn310 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18757870  }} </ref>
*Lowered  [[Oxygen saturation|SpO2]] level on room air.  
*[[Hypoxia]] may be present, but the [[hyperventilation]] associated with pulmonary embolism may actually drive down the PCO2.


===Blood Pressure===
====Blood Pressure====
*The patient may be [[hypotensive]] secondary to circulatory collapse in cases of massive PE.<ref name="pmid17904458">{{cite journal |author=Stein PD, Beemath A, Matta F, Weg JG, Yusen RD, Hales CA, Hull RD, Leeper KV, Sostman HD, Tapson VF, Buckley JD, Gottschalk A, Goodman LR, Wakefied TW, Woodard PK |title=Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: data from PIOPED II |journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]] |volume=120 |issue=10 |pages=871–9 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17904458 |pmc=2071924 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.03.024 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9343(07)00463-9 |accessdate=2012-04-29}}</ref> The patient may progress to develop [[shock]] and [[sudden cardiac arrest]] in the absence of immediate management. Approximately 15% of all [[Sudden cardiac death|sudden cardiac arrest]] cases are attributed to PE.<ref>??</ref>
*The patient may be [[hypotensive]] secondary to [[circulatory]] collapse in cases of massive pulmonary embolism.<ref name="pmid17904458">{{cite journal |author=Stein PD, Beemath A, Matta F, Weg JG, Yusen RD, Hales CA, Hull RD, Leeper KV, Sostman HD, Tapson VF, Buckley JD, Gottschalk A, Goodman LR, Wakefied TW, Woodard PK |title=Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: data from PIOPED II |journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]] |volume=120 |issue=10 |pages=871–9 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17904458 |pmc=2071924 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.03.024 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9343(07)00463-9 |accessdate=2012-04-29}}</ref> The state of [[shock]]  may progress to [[sudden cardiac arrest]] and or [[pulseless electrical activity]] in the absence of immediate management. Approximately 5% of all [[Sudden cardiac death|sudden cardiac arrest]] cases are attributed to pulmonary emboli.<ref name="pmid10826469">{{cite journal| author=Kürkciyan I, Meron G, Sterz F, Janata K, Domanovits H, Holzer M et al.| title=Pulmonary embolism as a cause of cardiac arrest: presentation and outcome. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 2000 | volume= 160 | issue= 10 | pages= 1529-35 | pmid=10826469 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10826469  }} </ref>


==Skin==
===Skin===
*[[Cyanosis]] may be present, depending on severity of PE.
*[[Cyanosis]] may be present in the setting of massive pulmonary embolism.
* [[Edema]] may be present in case of [[right heart failure]].


==Neck==
===Neck===
*[[Jugular venous pressure#Assessment of Jugular Venous Distention|Jugular venous distension]] may be seen in cases of massive PE.
*[[Jugular venous pressure#Assessment of Jugular Venous Distention|Jugular venous distension]] may be seen in cases of massive [[pulmonary embolism]].


==Heart==
===Heart===
=====Inspection=====
====Inspection====
*[[Parasternal heave]] secondary to the development of [[right ventricular failure]] may be present in massive PE.
*[[Parasternal heave]] secondary to the development of [[right ventricular failure]] may be present in massive [[PE]].


===Auscultation===
====Auscultation====
*[[S2|Prominent P2 component of second heart sound]] may be present.<ref name="pmid17904458">{{cite journal |author=Stein PD, Beemath A, Matta F, Weg JG, Yusen RD, Hales CA, Hull RD, Leeper KV, Sostman HD, Tapson VF, Buckley JD, Gottschalk A, Goodman LR, Wakefied TW, Woodard PK |title=Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: data from PIOPED II |journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]] |volume=120 |issue=10 |pages=871–9 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17904458 |pmc=2071924 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.03.024 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9343(07)00463-9 |accessdate=2012-04-29}}</ref>
*[[S2|Prominent P2 component of second heart sound]] may be present due to elevated pulmonary pressures.<ref name="pmid17904458">{{cite journal |author=Stein PD, Beemath A, Matta F, Weg JG, Yusen RD, Hales CA, Hull RD, Leeper KV, Sostman HD, Tapson VF, Buckley JD, Gottschalk A, Goodman LR, Wakefied TW, Woodard PK |title=Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: data from PIOPED II |journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]] |volume=120 |issue=10 |pages=871–9 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17904458 |pmc=2071924 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.03.024 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9343(07)00463-9 |accessdate=2012-04-29}}</ref>
*[[Heart sounds#Third heart sound S3|Right sided S3]] may be present in cases of massive PE, secondary to the development of [[right ventricular failure]].
*[[Heart sounds#Third heart sound S3|Right sided S3]] may be present in cases of a massive pulmonary embolism secondary to the development of [[right ventricular failure]].
* Murmur of [[tricuspid regurgitation]] may be heard on auscultation.
*A [[murmur]] due to [[tricuspid regurgitation]] may be heard on [[auscultation]].
* [[Graham-Steell murmur]] is suggestive of [[pulmonary regurgitation]].


==Lung==
===Lungs===
*Reduced [[breath sounds]] may be present.
* Reduced [[breath sounds]] may be present.
*[[Rales]] may be present.
* [[Rales]] may be present.
* [[Crackles]] may be present.
* [[Pleural friction rub]] may be present.
*[[Pulmonary hypertension]] and [[RV]] overload are commonly seen during the physical exam and diagnosis.


==Extremities==
===Extremities===
Signs of [[deep vein thrombosis]] ''(listed below)'' may be present in majority of patients with PE.<ref name="pmid17904458">{{cite journal |author=Stein PD, Beemath A, Matta F, Weg JG, Yusen RD, Hales CA, Hull RD, Leeper KV, Sostman HD, Tapson VF, Buckley JD, Gottschalk A, Goodman LR, Wakefied TW, Woodard PK |title=Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: data from PIOPED II |journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]] |volume=120 |issue=10 |pages=871–9 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17904458 |pmc=2071924 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.03.024 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9343(07)00463-9 |accessdate=2012-04-29}}</ref>
Signs of [[deep vein thrombosis]] may be present among patients with [[PE]].<ref name="pmid17904458">{{cite journal |author=Stein PD, Beemath A, Matta F, Weg JG, Yusen RD, Hales CA, Hull RD, Leeper KV, Sostman HD, Tapson VF, Buckley JD, Gottschalk A, Goodman LR, Wakefied TW, Woodard PK |title=Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: data from PIOPED II |journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]] |volume=120 |issue=10 |pages=871–9 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17904458 |pmc=2071924 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.03.024 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9343(07)00463-9 |accessdate=2012-04-29}}</ref>
:*[[Edema|Limb edema]]
* Unilateral calf or thigh [[tenderness]]
:* Limb [[erythema]]
* Unilateral calf or thigh [[pitting edema]]
:* Limb [[tenderness]]
*Unilateral calf or thigh swelling
:* Palpable cords in the calf or thighs reflecting thrombosed veins.
* Difference in calf diameters > 3 cm (the calf circumference is measured 10 cm below the [[tibial]] [[tuberosity]])
* Difference in thigh diameters (the thigh circumference is measured 10-15 cm above the [[patella]])
* Unilateral calf or thigh warmth
* Unilateral calf or thigh [[erythema]]
* Palpable cord (a thickened palpable vein suggestive of [[vein thrombosis|thrombosed vein]])
* Dilatation of [[unilateral]] collateral [[superficial veins]]
* Localized [[tenderness]] upon palpation of the [[deep veins]]
** [[Posterior]] calf
** [[Popliteal fossa]]
** Inner [[anterior]] thigh


==Supportive trial data==
==Supportive Trial Data==
The '''''Prospective Investigation Of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis II (PIOPED II) study''''' identified the following signs to be present in the majority of patients with proven pulmonary embolism proven by angiography.<ref name="pmid17904458">{{cite journal |author=Stein PD, Beemath A, Matta F, Weg JG, Yusen RD, Hales CA, Hull RD, Leeper KV, Sostman HD, Tapson VF, Buckley JD, Gottschalk A, Goodman LR, Wakefied TW, Woodard PK |title=Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: data from PIOPED II |journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]] |volume=120 |issue=10 |pages=871–9 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17904458 |pmc=2071924 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.03.024 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9343(07)00463-9 |accessdate=2012-04-29}}</ref>
The '''''Prospective Investigation Of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis II (PIOPED II) study''''' identified the following signs to be present in the majority of patients with a confirmed pulmonary embolism diagnosed by [[angiography]].<ref name="pmid17904458">{{cite journal |author=Stein PD, Beemath A, Matta F, Weg JG, Yusen RD, Hales CA, Hull RD, Leeper KV, Sostman HD, Tapson VF, Buckley JD, Gottschalk A, Goodman LR, Wakefied TW, Woodard PK |title=Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: data from PIOPED II |journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]] |volume=120 |issue=10 |pages=871–9 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17904458 |pmc=2071924 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.03.024 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9343(07)00463-9 |accessdate=2012-04-29}}</ref>
*[[Tachypnea]] (~54%),
*[[Tachypnea]] (~54%),
*[[DVT|Signs of deep venous thrombosis]] (~47%),
*[[DVT|Signs of deep venous thrombosis]] (~47%),
*[[Tachycardia]] (~24%),
*[[Tachycardia]] (~24%),
*[[Rales]] (~18),
*[[Rales]] (~18),
*[[Breath sounds|Reduced breath sounds]] (~17%),
*Reduced [[breath sounds]] (~17%),
*[[S2|Prominent P2 component of second heart sound]] (~15%),
*[[S2|Prominent P2 component of second heart sound]] (~15%),
*[[JVD|Elevated jugular venous pressure]] (~14%).
*[[Jugular venous pressure]] (~14%).


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}


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[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
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[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Physical Examination]]
 
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Latest revision as of 23:53, 29 July 2020
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Editor(s)-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1], The APEX Trial Investigators; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rim Halaby, M.D. [2]

Overview

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is associated with the presence of tachycardia and tachypnea. Signs of right ventricular failure include jugular venous distension, a right sided S3, and a parasternal lift. These signs are often present in cases of massive and submassive pulmonary emboli, also known as intermediate-risk and high-risk respectively.[1][2] Since PE most commonly occurs as a complication of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), the physical examination should include an assessment of the lower extremities for erythema, tenderness, and/or swelling.

Physical Examination

Appearance of the Patient

The patient may appear anxious due to difficulty breathing. More severe cases may be associated with cyanosis.

Vital Signs

Temperature

Pulse

Rate
Rhythm
  • The pulse is regular.
Strength
  • The pulse may be weak if the patient is in shock.
Symmetry
  • The pulses are symmetric.

Respiratory Rate

Blood Pressure

Skin

Neck

Heart

Inspection

Auscultation

Lungs

Extremities

Signs of deep vein thrombosis may be present among patients with PE.[1]

Supportive Trial Data

The Prospective Investigation Of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis II (PIOPED II) study identified the following signs to be present in the majority of patients with a confirmed pulmonary embolism diagnosed by angiography.[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Stein PD, Beemath A, Matta F, Weg JG, Yusen RD, Hales CA, Hull RD, Leeper KV, Sostman HD, Tapson VF, Buckley JD, Gottschalk A, Goodman LR, Wakefied TW, Woodard PK (2007). "Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: data from PIOPED II". The American Journal of Medicine. 120 (10): 871–9. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.03.024. PMC 2071924. PMID 17904458. Retrieved 2012-04-29. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S, Agnelli G, Galiè N, Pruszczyk P; et al. (2008). "Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)". Eur Heart J. 29 (18): 2276–315. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn310. PMID 18757870.
  3. ↑ Kürkciyan I, Meron G, Sterz F, Janata K, Domanovits H, Holzer M; et al. (2000). "Pulmonary embolism as a cause of cardiac arrest: presentation and outcome". Arch Intern Med. 160 (10): 1529–35. PMID 10826469.

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