Horseshoe kidney physical examination: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Patients with horseshoe kidney usually appear well and in majority of cases horseshoe kidney is an incidental finding during radiological examination. Physical examination of patients with horseshoe kidney is usually remarkable for [[abdominal distension]], [[palpable]] kidney, [[Costovertebral angle|costovertebral]] tenderness and palpable [[bladder]].  
 
OR
 
Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
 
OR
 
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
 
OR
 
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].


==Physical Examination==
==Physical Examination==
Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
Physical examination of patients with horseshoe kidney is usually remarkable for [[abdominal distension]], [[palpable]] kidney, [[Costovertebral angle|costovertebral]] tenderness and palpable [[bladder]].<ref name="SingerSimmons2008">{{cite journal|last1=Singer|first1=Amy|last2=Simmons|first2=Marc Z.|last3=Maldjian|first3=Pierre D.|title=Spectrum of congenital renal anomalies presenting in adulthood|journal=Clinical Imaging|volume=32|issue=3|year=2008|pages=183–191|issn=08997071|doi=10.1016/j.clinimag.2007.12.001}}</ref><ref name="pmid28613757">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kirkpatrick JJ, Leslie SW |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28613757 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
OR
 
Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
 
OR
 
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
 
OR
 
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].


===Appearance of the Patient===
===Appearance of the Patient===
*Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].  
*Patients with horseshoe kidney usually appear well.


===Vital Signs===
===Vital Signs===
 
* High grade/low grade fever if infection is presen.
*High-grade / low-grade fever
* [[Tachycardia]] with a regular pulse because of the fever which is due to infection.
*[[Hypothermia]] / hyperthermia may be present
* [[High blood pressure]] due to salt retention.
*[[Tachycardia]] with regular pulse or (ir)regularly irregular pulse
*[[Bradycardia]] with regular pulse or (ir)regularly irregular pulse
*Tachypnea / bradypnea
*Kussmal respirations may be present in _____ (advanced disease state)
*Weak/bounding pulse / pulsus alternans / paradoxical pulse / asymmetric pulse
*High/low blood pressure with normal pulse pressure / [[wide pulse pressure]] / [[narrow pulse pressure]]


===Skin===
===Skin===
* Skin examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
* Skin examination of patients with horseshoe kidney is usually normal.
OR
*[[Cyanosis]]
*[[Jaundice]]
* [[Pallor]]
* Bruises
 
<gallery widths="150px">
 
UploadedImage-01.jpg | Description {{dermref}}
UploadedImage-02.jpg | Description {{dermref}}
 
</gallery>


===HEENT===
===HEENT===
* HEENT examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
* HEENT examination of patients with [[hydronephrosis|horseshoe kidn]]<nowiki/>[[hydronephrosis|ey]] usually unremarkable.
OR
* Abnormalities of the head/hair may include ___
* Evidence of trauma
* Icteric sclera
* [[Nystagmus]]  
* Extra-ocular movements may be abnormal
*Pupils non-reactive to light / non-reactive to accommodation / non-reactive to neither light nor accommodation
*Ophthalmoscopic exam may be abnormal with findings of ___
* Hearing acuity may be reduced
*[[Weber test]] may be abnormal (Note: A positive Weber test is considered a normal finding / A negative Weber test is considered an abnormal finding. To avoid confusion, you may write "abnormal Weber test".)
*[[Rinne test]] may be positive (Note: A positive Rinne test is considered a normal finding / A negative Rinne test is considered an abnormal finding. To avoid confusion, you may write "abnormal Rinne test".)
* [[Exudate]] from the ear canal
* Tenderness upon palpation of the ear pinnae/tragus (anterior to ear canal)
*Inflamed nares / congested nares
* [[Purulent]] exudate from the nares
* Facial tenderness
* Erythematous throat with/without tonsillar swelling, exudates, and/or petechiae


===Neck===
===Neck===
* Neck examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
* Neck examination of patients with horseshoe kidney is usually normal.
OR
*[[Jugular venous distension]]
*[[Carotid bruits]] may be auscultated unilaterally/bilaterally using the bell/diaphragm of the otoscope
*[[Lymphadenopathy]] (describe location, size, tenderness, mobility, and symmetry)
*[[Thyromegaly]] / thyroid nodules
*[[Hepatojugular reflux]]
 
===Lungs===
===Lungs===
* Pulmonary examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
* [[Pulmonary]] examination of patients with [[Hydronephrosis|horseshoe kidney]] usually normal.
OR
* Asymmetric chest expansion OR decreased chest expansion
*Lungs are hyporesonant OR hyperresonant
*Fine/coarse [[crackles]] upon auscultation of the lung bases/apices unilaterally/bilaterally
*Rhonchi
*Vesicular breath sounds OR distant breath sounds
*Expiratory wheezing OR inspiratory wheezing with normal OR delayed expiratory phase
*[[Wheezing]] may be present
*[[Egophony]] present/absent
*[[Bronchophony]] present/absent
*Normal/reduced [[tactile fremitus]]


===Heart===
===Heart===
* Cardiovascular examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
* [[Cardiovascular]] examination of patients with [[Hydronephrosis|horseshoe kidney]] is usually normal.
OR
*Chest tenderness upon palpation
*PMI within 2 cm of the sternum  (PMI) / Displaced point of maximal impulse (PMI) suggestive of ____
*[[Heave]] / [[thrill]]
*[[Friction rub]]
*[[Heart sounds#First heart tone S1, the "lub"(components M1 and T1)|S1]]
*[[Heart sounds#Second heart tone S2 the "dub"(components A2 and P2)|S2]]
*[[Heart sounds#Third heart sound S3|S3]]
*[[Heart sounds#Fourth heart sound S4|S4]]
*[[Heart sounds#Summation Gallop|Gallops]]
*A high/low grade early/late [[systolic murmur]] / [[diastolic murmur]] best heard at the base/apex/(specific valve region) may be heard using the bell/diaphgram of the otoscope


===Abdomen===
===Abdomen===
* Abdominal examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
*[[Abdominal distention]].
OR
*[[Abdominal tenderness|Abdominal tenderness.]]
*[[Abdominal distention]]  
*A lower mid-line palpable abdominal mass.
*[[Abdominal tenderness]] in the right/left upper/lower abdominal quadrant
*[[Rebound tenderness]] (positive Blumberg sign)
*A palpable abdominal mass in the right/left upper/lower abdominal quadrant
*Guarding may be present
*[[Hepatomegaly]] / [[splenomegaly]] / [[hepatosplenomegaly]]
*Additional findings, such as obturator test, psoas test, McBurney point test, Murphy test


===Back===
===Back===
* Back examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
* [[Costovertebral angle|Costovertebral]] angle [[tenderness]] can be present due to renal stone, infection or [[hydronephrosis]].
OR
*Point tenderness over __ vertebrae (e.g. L3-L4)
*Sacral edema
*Costovertebral angle tenderness bilaterally/unilaterally
*Buffalo hump


===Genitourinary===
===Genitourinary===
* Genitourinary examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
*[[Rectal]] examination should be performed in patients with [[hydronephrosis]] to assess:
OR
** [[Sphincter]] tone
*A pelvic/adnexal mass may be palpated
** [[Prostate]]
*Inflamed mucosa
*Clear/(color), foul-smelling/odorless penile/vaginal discharge
 
===Neuromuscular===
===Neuromuscular===
* Neuromuscular examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
* [[Neuromuscular]] examination of patients with [[Hydronephrosis|horseshoe kidney]] is usually normal.
OR
*Patient is usually oriented to persons, place, and time
* Altered mental status
* Glasgow coma scale is ___ / 15
* Clonus may be present
* Hyperreflexia / hyporeflexia / areflexia
* Positive (abnormal) Babinski / plantar reflex unilaterally/bilaterally
* Muscle rigidity
* Proximal/distal muscle weakness unilaterally/bilaterally
* ____ (finding) suggestive of cranial nerve ___ (roman numerical) deficit (e.g. Dilated pupils suggestive of CN III deficit)
*Unilateral/bilateral upper/lower extremity weakness
*Unilateral/bilateral sensory loss in the upper/lower extremity
*Positive straight leg raise test
*Abnormal gait (describe gait: e.g. ataxic (cerebellar) gait / steppage gait / waddling gait / choeiform gait / Parkinsonian gait / sensory gait)
*Positive/negative Trendelenburg sign
*Unilateral/bilateral tremor (describe tremor, e.g. at rest, pill-rolling)
*Normal finger-to-nose test / Dysmetria
*Absent/present dysdiadochokinesia (palm tapping test)


===Extremities===
===Extremities===
* Extremities examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
* Extremities examination of patients with horseshoe kidney is usually normal.
OR
*[[Clubbing]]
*[[Cyanosis]]
*Pitting/non-pitting [[edema]] of the upper/lower extremities
*Muscle atrophy
*Fasciculations in the upper/lower extremity
 
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

Latest revision as of 20:34, 23 January 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Patients with horseshoe kidney usually appear well and in majority of cases horseshoe kidney is an incidental finding during radiological examination. Physical examination of patients with horseshoe kidney is usually remarkable for abdominal distension, palpable kidney, costovertebral tenderness and palpable bladder.

Physical Examination

Physical examination of patients with horseshoe kidney is usually remarkable for abdominal distension, palpable kidney, costovertebral tenderness and palpable bladder.[1][2]

Appearance of the Patient

  • Patients with horseshoe kidney usually appear well.

Vital Signs

  • High grade/low grade fever if infection is presen.
  • Tachycardia with a regular pulse because of the fever which is due to infection.
  • High blood pressure due to salt retention.

Skin

  • Skin examination of patients with horseshoe kidney is usually normal.

HEENT

Neck

  • Neck examination of patients with horseshoe kidney is usually normal.

Lungs

Heart

Abdomen

Back

Genitourinary

Neuromuscular

Extremities

  • Extremities examination of patients with horseshoe kidney is usually normal.

References

  1. ↑ Singer, Amy; Simmons, Marc Z.; Maldjian, Pierre D. (2008). "Spectrum of congenital renal anomalies presenting in adulthood". Clinical Imaging. 32 (3): 183–191. doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2007.12.001. ISSN 0899-7071.
  2. ↑ Kirkpatrick JJ, Leslie SW. PMID 28613757. Missing or empty |title= (help)

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