Angiotensin II (Giapreza): Difference between revisions

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{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
|authorTag={{Y.A}};
|authorTag={{Y.A}}, {{Anmol}}
|genericName=generic name
|genericName=generic name
|aOrAn=a
|aOrAn=a
|drugClass=Acetylcholine release inhibitor, Adrenergic receptor agonist
|drugClass=naturally occurring [[peptide hormone]] of the [[renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system]] (RAAS) that causes [[vasoconstriction]] and an increase in [[blood pressure]]
|indicationType=(type of indication of drug)
|indicationType=treatment
|indication=a list of indications, separated by commas.
|indication=[[septic]] or other [[distributive shock]]
|adverseReactions=a list of adverse reactions, separated by commas.
|adverseReactions=[[thromboembolic]] events
|fdaLIADAdult======Indications=====
|fdaLIADAdult======Indications=====


* GIAPREZA increases blood pressure in adults with septic or other distributive shock.
* Angiotensin II (Giapreza) increases blood pressure in adults with septic or other distributive shock.


====Dosage====
====Dosage====


Dosage Form
''Dosage Form''


*Injection: 2.5 mg/mL angiotensin II and 5 mg/2 mL angiotensin II (2.5 mg/mL) in a vial.
*Injection: 2.5 mg/mL angiotensin II (Giapreza) and 5 mg/2 mL angiotensin II (Giapreza) (2.5 mg/mL) in a vial.


Preparation
''Preparation''


*Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
*Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.


*GIAPREZA must be administered as an intravenous infusion. GIAPREZA must be diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride prior to use. Dilute the contents of one vial of GIAPREZA in 0.9% saline to achieve a final concentration of 5,000 ng/mL or 10,000 ng/mL.
*Angiotensin II (Giapreza) must be administered as an intravenous infusion. Angiotensin II (Giapreza) must be diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride prior to use. Dilute the contents of one vial of angiotensin II (Giapreza) in 0.9% saline to achieve a final concentration of 5,000 ng/mL or 10,000 ng/mL.


*Discard vial and any unused portion of the drug product after use.
*Discard vial and any unused portion of the drug product after use.
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*Diluted solution may be stored at room temperature or under refrigeration. Discard prepared solution after 24 hours at room temperature or under refrigeration.
*Diluted solution may be stored at room temperature or under refrigeration. Discard prepared solution after 24 hours at room temperature or under refrigeration.


|offLabelAdultGuideSupport======Condition 1=====
|offLabelAdultGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding angiotensin II (Giapreza) Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use and Dosage (Adult) in the drug label.


* Developed by: (Organisation)
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding angiotensin II (Giapreza) Off-Label Non-Guideline-Supported Use and Dosage (Adult) in the drug label.


* Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
* Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
* Dosing Information/Recommendation
:* (Dosage)
=====Condition 2=====
* Developed by: (Organisation)
* Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
* Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
* Dosing Information/Recommendation
:* (Dosage)
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport======Condition 1=====
* Dosing Information
:* (Dosage)
=====Condition 2=====
* Dosing Information
:* (Dosage)
=====Condition 3=====
* Dosing Information
:* (Dosage)
|fdaLIADPed=
|fdaLIADPed=


|offLabelPedGuideSupport=*There is limited information regarding angiotensin II (Giapreza) Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use and Dosage (Pediatrics) in the drug label.
|offLabelPedGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding angiotensin II (Giapreza) Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label.


|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=*There is limited information regarding angiotensin II (Giapreza) Off-Label Non-Guideline-Supported Use and Dosage (Pediatrics) in the drug label.
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding angiotensin II (Giapreza) Off-Label Non-Guideline-Supported Use and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label.


|contraindications=*None
|contraindications=*None
|warnings======Risk for Thrombosis=====
|warnings======Risk for Thrombosis=====


*The safety of GIAPREZA was evaluated in 321 adults with septic or other distributive shock in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, ATHOS-3. There was a higher incidence of arterial and venous thrombotic and thromboembolic events in patients who received GIAPREZA compared to placebo-treated patients in the ATHOS-3 study (13% vs. 5%). The major imbalance was in deep venous thromboses. Use concurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis.
*The safety of angiotensin II (Giapreza) was evaluated in 321 adults with septic or other distributive shock in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, ATHOS-3. There was a higher incidence of arterial and venous thrombotic and thromboembolic events in patients who received angiotensin II (Giapreza) compared to placebo-treated patients in the ATHOS-3 study (13% vs. 5%). The major imbalance was in deep venous thromboses. Use concurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis.


|clinicalTrials=*Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
|clinicalTrials=*Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.


ATHOS-3
======ATHOS-3======


*The safety of GIAPREZA was evaluated in ATHOS-3. Patients in ATHOS-3 were receiving other vasopressors in addition to GIAPREZA or placebo, which were titrated to effect on mean arterial pressure (MAP).
*The safety of angiotensin II (Giapreza) was evaluated in ATHOS-3. Patients in ATHOS-3 were receiving other vasopressors in addition to angiotensin II (Giapreza) or placebo, which were titrated to effect on mean arterial pressure (MAP).


*Table 2 summarizes adverse reactions with an incidence of at least 4% among patients treated with GIAPREZA and with a rate of at least 1.5% higher with GIAPREZA than with placebo.
*Table 2 summarizes adverse reactions with an incidence of at least 4% among patients treated with angiotensin II (Giapreza) and with a rate of at least 1.5% higher with angiotensin II (Giapreza) than with placebo.


[[image:Agiotensen_ll_(Giapreza)_Adverse_Reactions_Table.png|none|thumb|400px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
[[image:Agiotensen_ll_(Giapreza)_Adverse_Reactions_Table.png|none|thumb|400px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
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|drugInteractions=*Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
|drugInteractions=*Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors


*Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB)
*Angiotensin II (Giapreza) Receptor Blockers (ARB)


=====Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors=====
=====Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors=====


*Concomitant use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may increase the response to GIAPREZA.
*Concomitant use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may increase the response to angiotensin II (Giapreza).


=====Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB)=====
=====Angiotensin II (Giapreza) Receptor Blockers (ARB)=====


*Concomitant use of angiotensin II blockers (ARBs) may decrease the response to GIAPREZA.
*Concomitant use of angiotensin II (Giapreza) blockers (ARBs) may decrease the response to angiotensin II (Giapreza).


|useInPregnancyFDA=====Risk Summary====
|useInPregnancyFDA=====Risk Summary====


*The published data on angiotensin II use in pregnant women are not sufficient to determine a drug-associated risk of adverse developmental outcomes. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with GIAPREZA.
*The published data on angiotensin II (Giapreza) use in pregnant women are not sufficient to determine a drug-associated risk of adverse developmental outcomes. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with angiotensin II (Giapreza).


*All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defects, loss, or other adverse outcomes. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.
*All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defects, loss, or other adverse outcomes. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.
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|useInLaborDelivery=
|useInLaborDelivery=


|useInNursing=*It is not known whether GIAPREZA is present in human milk. No data are available on the effects of angiotensin II on the breastfed child or the effects on milk production.
|useInNursing=*It is not known whether angiotensin II (Giapreza) is present in human milk. No data are available on the effects of angiotensin II (Giapreza) on the breastfed child or the effects on milk production.


|useInPed=*The safety and efficacy of GIAPREZA in pediatric patients have not been established.
|useInPed=*The safety and efficacy of angiotensin II (Giapreza) in pediatric patients have not been established.


|useInGeri=*In ATHOS-3, 48% of the total patient population was aged 65 years and older. There was no significant difference in safety or efficacy between patients less than 65 and those 65 years or older when treated with GIAPREZA.
|useInGeri=*In ATHOS-3, 48% of the total patient population was aged 65 years and older. There was no significant difference in safety or efficacy between patients less than 65 and those 65 years or older when treated with angiotensin II (Giapreza).


|useInGender=
|useInGender=
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|useInImmunocomp=
|useInImmunocomp=


|administration=*The recommended starting dosage of GIAPREZA is 20 nanograms (ng)/kg/min via continuous intravenous infusion. Administration through a central venous line is recommended.
|administration=*The recommended starting dosage of angiotensin II (Giapreza) is 20 nanograms (ng)/kg/min via continuous intravenous infusion. Administration through a central venous line is recommended.


*Monitor blood pressure response and titrate GIAPREZA every 5 minutes by increments of up to 15 ng/kg/min as needed to achieve or maintain target blood pressure. Do not exceed 80 ng/kg/min during the first 3 hours of treatment. Maintenance doses should not exceed 40 ng/kg/min. Doses as low as 1.25 ng/kg/min may be used.
*Monitor blood pressure response and titrate angiotensin II (Giapreza) every 5 minutes by increments of up to 15 ng/kg/min as needed to achieve or maintain target blood pressure. Do not exceed 80 ng/kg/min during the first 3 hours of treatment. Maintenance doses should not exceed 40 ng/kg/min. Doses as low as 1.25 ng/kg/min may be used.


*Once the underlying shock has sufficiently improved, down-titrate every 5 to 15 minutes by increments of up to 15 ng/kg/min based on blood pressure.
*Once the underlying shock has sufficiently improved, down-titrate every 5 to 15 minutes by increments of up to 15 ng/kg/min based on blood pressure.
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*Blood pressure: Monitor response to therapy
*Blood pressure: Monitor response to therapy


|overdose=*Overdose of GIAPREZA would be expected to result in hypertension, necessitating close monitoring and supportive care. Effects are expected to be brief because the half-life of angiotensin II is less than one minute.
|overdose=*Overdose of angiotensin II (Giapreza) would be expected to result in hypertension, necessitating close monitoring and supportive care. Effects are expected to be brief because the half-life of angiotensin II (Giapreza) is less than one minute.


|drugBox={{Drugbox2
|drugBox=
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<!--Clinical data-->
{{Drugbox2
| tradename =  
| drug_name        = Angiotensin II
| MedlinePlus =  
| INN              =
| licence_US =  
| type              =<!-- empty -->
| pregnancy_AU =  
| IUPAC_name        = L-alpha-aspartyl-L-arginyl-L-valyl-L-tyrosyl-L-isoleucyl-L-histidyl-L-prolyl-L-phenylalanine
| pregnancy_US =  
| image            = Angiotensin_II_(Giapreza)_Pharmocology_Box_Image.png
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| pregnancy_AU_comment =  
<!--Identifiers-->
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| CAS_number_Ref =  
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| elimination_half-life = less than one minute (IV administration)
| C= | H= | N= | O=  
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<!-- Identifiers -->
| InChI =  
| CAS_number        = 4474-91-3
| InChIKey =  
| class            = [[Vasoconstrictor]]
| StdInChI_Ref =  
| ATCvet            =  
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| PubChem          = 172198
| melting_point =
| DrugBank          = DB11842
<!-- Chemical and physical data -->
<!-- Chemical and physical data -->
| chemical_formula  =
| C=50 | H=71 | N=13 | O=12
| molecular_weight =  
| SMILES            = CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1)C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N[C@@H](CC3=CC=CC=C3)C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCN=C(N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)N
| Jmol              =  
| StdInChI         = InChI=1S/C50H71N13O12/c1-5-28(4)41(47(72)59-36(23-31-25-54-26-56-31)48(73)63-20-10-14-38(63)45(70)60-37(49(74)75)22-29-11-7-6-8-12-29)62-44(69)35(21-30-15-17-32(64)18-16-30)58-46(71)40(27(2)3)61-43(68)34(13-9-19-55-50(52)53)57-42(67)33(51)24-39(65)66/h6-8,11-12,15-18,25-28,33-38,40-41,64H,5,9-10,13-14,19-24,51H2,1-4H3,(H,54,56)(H,57,67)(H,58,71)(H,59,72)(H,60,70)(H,61,68)(H,62,69)(H,65,66)(H,74,75)(H4,52,53,55)/t28-,33-,34-,35-,36-,37-,38-,40-,41-/m0/s1
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|mechAction=*Angiotensin II raises blood pressure by vasoconstriction and increased aldosterone release. Direct action of angiotensin II on the vessel wall is mediated by binding to the G-protein-coupled angiotensin II receptor type 1 on vascular smooth muscle cells, which stimulates Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of myosin and causes smooth muscle contraction.
|mechAction=*Angiotensin II (Giapreza) raises blood pressure by vasoconstriction and increased aldosterone release. Direct action of angiotensin II (Giapreza) on the vessel wall is mediated by binding to the G-protein-coupled angiotensin II (Giapreza) receptor type 1 on vascular smooth muscle cells, which stimulates Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of myosin and causes smooth muscle contraction.


|structure=[[image:Angiotensin_II_(Giapreza)_Molecular_Structure.png|none|thumb|400px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
|structure=[[image:Angiotensin_II_(Giapreza)_Molecular_Structure.png|none|thumb|400px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]


|PD=*For the 114 (70%) patients in the GIAPREZA arm who reached the target MAP at Hour 3, the median time to reach the target MAP endpoint was approximately 5 minutes. GIAPREZA is titrated to effect for each individual patient.
|PD=*For the 114 (70%) patients in the angiotensin II (Giapreza) arm who reached the target MAP at Hour 3, the median time to reach the target MAP endpoint was approximately 5 minutes. Angiotensin II (Giapreza) is titrated to effect for each individual patient.


|PK=*Following intravenous infusion of angiotensin II in adults with septic or other distributive shock, serum levels of angiotensin II are similar at Baseline and Hour 3 after intravenous infusion. After 3 hours of treatment, however, the serum level of angiotensin I (the angiotensin II precursor peptide) is reduced by approximately 40%.
|PK=*Following intravenous infusion of angiotensin II (Giapreza) in adults with septic or other distributive shock, serum levels of angiotensin II (Giapreza) are similar at Baseline and Hour 3 after intravenous infusion. After 3 hours of treatment, however, the serum level of angiotensin I (the angiotensin II (Giapreza) precursor peptide) is reduced by approximately 40%.


====Distribution:====
====Distribution:====


*No specific studies were conducted that examined the distribution of GIAPREZA.
*No specific studies were conducted that examined the distribution of angiotensin II (Giapreza).


====Metabolism and Excretion:====
====Metabolism and Excretion:====


*No specific studies were conducted that examined the metabolism and excretion of GIAPREZA.
*No specific studies were conducted that examined the metabolism and excretion of angiotensin II (Giapreza).


*The plasma half-life of IV administered angiotensin II is less than one minute. It is metabolized by aminopeptidase A and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 to angiotensin-(2-8) [angiotensin III] and angiotensin-(1-7), respectively in plasma, erythrocytes and many of the major organs (i.e., intestine, kidney, liver and lung). Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) mediated activity of angiotensin III is approximately 40% of angiotensin II; however, aldosterone synthesis activity is similar to angiotensin II. Angiotensin-(1-7) exerts the opposite effects of angiotensin II on AT1 receptors and causes vasodilation.
*The plasma half-life of IV administered angiotensin II (Giapreza) is less than one minute. It is metabolized by aminopeptidase A and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 to angiotensin-(2-8) [angiotensin III] and angiotensin-(1-7), respectively in plasma, erythrocytes and many of the major organs (i.e., intestine, kidney, liver and lung). Angiotensin II (Giapreza) type 1 receptor (AT1) mediated activity of angiotensin III is approximately 40% of angiotensin II (Giapreza); however, aldosterone synthesis activity is similar to angiotensin II (Giapreza). Angiotensin-(1-7) exerts the opposite effects of angiotensin II (Giapreza) on AT1 receptors and causes vasodilation.


====Specific Populations====
====Specific Populations====


*No formal pharmacokinetic studies were conducted with GIAPREZA in the following specific populations.
*No formal pharmacokinetic studies were conducted with angiotensin II (Giapreza) in the following specific populations.


Renal Impairment
Renal Impairment


*The clearance of angiotensin II is not dependent on renal function. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics of GIAPREZA are not expected to be influenced by renal impairment.
*The clearance of angiotensin II (Giapreza) is not dependent on renal function. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics of angiotensin II (Giapreza) are not expected to be influenced by renal impairment.


Hepatic Impairment
Hepatic Impairment


*The clearance of angiotensin II is not dependent on hepatic function. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics of GIAPREZA are not expected to be influenced by hepatic impairment.
*The clearance of angiotensin II (Giapreza) is not dependent on hepatic function. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics of angiotensin II (Giapreza) are not expected to be influenced by hepatic impairment.


Age
Age


*The effect of age was analyzed in the 163 patients receiving GIAPREZA in ATHOS-3. There were no significant differences in pharmacokinetics between age groups (< 65 years / ≥ 65 years).
*The effect of age was analyzed in the 163 patients receiving angiotensin II (Giapreza) in ATHOS-3. There were no significant differences in pharmacokinetics between age groups (< 65 years / ≥ 65 years).


Male and Female Patients
Male and Female Patients


*The effect of sex was analyzed in the 163 patients receiving GIAPREZA in ATHOS-3. There were no significant differences in pharmacokinetics between male and female patients.
*The effect of sex was analyzed in the 163 patients receiving angiotensin II (Giapreza) in ATHOS-3. There were no significant differences in pharmacokinetics between male and female patients.


|nonClinToxic=====Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility====
|nonClinToxic=====Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility====


*No genetic toxicity studies have been conducted with GIAPREZA. No carcinogenicity or fertility studies with GIAPREZA have been conducted in animals.
*No genetic toxicity studies have been conducted with angiotensin II (Giapreza). No carcinogenicity or fertility studies with angiotensin II (Giapreza) have been conducted in animals.


====Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology====
====Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology====


*No animal toxicology studies were conducted with GIAPREZA.
*No animal toxicology studies were conducted with angiotensin II (Giapreza).


====Safety Pharmacology====
====Safety Pharmacology====


*In a cardiovascular safety pharmacology study in normotensive dogs, GIAPREZA doses of 150, 450, and 1800 ng/kg (5, 15 and 60 ng/kg/min) were infused intravenously for 30 minutes each. At ≥ 450 ng/kg, GIAPREZA caused significantly elevated MAP and systemic vascular resistance, as expected. The 1800 ng/kg dose also caused increased heart rate, increased systemic vascular resistance, increased left ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures, and PR interval prolongation. GIAPREZA did not significantly alter respiratory rate or cause electrocardiographic changes in QRS duration or QTc.
*In a cardiovascular safety pharmacology study in normotensive dogs, angiotensin II (Giapreza) doses of 150, 450, and 1800 ng/kg (5, 15 and 60 ng/kg/min) were infused intravenously for 30 minutes each. At ≥ 450 ng/kg, angiotensin II (Giapreza) caused significantly elevated MAP and systemic vascular resistance, as expected. The 1800 ng/kg dose also caused increased heart rate, increased systemic vascular resistance, increased left ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures, and PR interval prolongation. Angiotensin II (Giapreza) did not significantly alter respiratory rate or cause electrocardiographic changes in QRS duration or QTc.




|clinicalStudies====== ATHOS-3=====
|clinicalStudies====== ATHOS-3=====


*The Angiotensin II for the Treatment of High-Output Shock (ATHOS-3) trial was a double-blind study in which 321 adults with septic or other distributive shock who remained hypotensive despite fluid and vasopressor therapy were randomized 1:1 to GIAPREZA or placebo. Doses of GIAPREZA or placebo were titrated to a target mean arterial pressure (MAP) of ≥ 75 mmHg during the first 3 hours of treatment while doses of other vasopressors were maintained. From Hour 3 to Hour 48, GIAPREZA or placebo were titrated to maintain MAP between 65 and 70 mmHg while reducing doses of other vasopressors. The primary endpoint was the percentage of subjects who achieved either a MAP ≥ 75 mmHg or a ≥ 10 mmHg increase in MAP without an increase in baseline vasopressor therapy at 3 hours.
*The angiotensin II (Giapreza) for the Treatment of High-Output Shock (ATHOS-3) trial was a double-blind study in which 321 adults with septic or other distributive shock who remained hypotensive despite fluid and vasopressor therapy were randomized 1:1 to angiotensin II (Giapreza) or placebo. Doses of angiotensin II (Giapreza) or placebo were titrated to a target mean arterial pressure (MAP) of ≥ 75 mmHg during the first 3 hours of treatment while doses of other vasopressors were maintained. From Hour 3 to Hour 48, angiotensin II (Giapreza) or placebo were titrated to maintain MAP between 65 and 70 mmHg while reducing doses of other vasopressors. The primary endpoint was the percentage of subjects who achieved either a MAP ≥ 75 mmHg or a ≥ 10 mmHg increase in MAP without an increase in baseline vasopressor therapy at 3 hours.


*91% of subjects had septic shock; the remaining subjects had other forms of distributive shock such as neurogenic shock. At the time of study drug administration, 97% of subjects were receiving norepinephrine, 67% vasopressin, 15% phenylephrine, 13% epinephrine, and 2% dopamine. 83% of subjects had received two or more vasopressors and 47% three or more vasopressors prior to study drug administration. 61% of subjects were male, 80% were White, 10% were Black, and 10% were other races. The median age of subjects was 64 years (range: 22-89 years). Patients requiring high doses of steroids, patients with a history of asthma or bronchospasm, and patients with Raynaud's syndrome were not included.
*91% of subjects had septic shock; the remaining subjects had other forms of distributive shock such as neurogenic shock. At the time of study drug administration, 97% of subjects were receiving norepinephrine, 67% vasopressin, 15% phenylephrine, 13% epinephrine, and 2% dopamine. 83% of subjects had received two or more vasopressors and 47% three or more vasopressors prior to study drug administration. 61% of subjects were male, 80% were White, 10% were Black, and 10% were other races. The median age of subjects was 64 years (range: 22-89 years). Patients requiring high doses of steroids, patients with a history of asthma or bronchospasm, and patients with Raynaud's syndrome were not included.


*The primary endpoint was achieved by 70% of patients randomized to GIAPREZA compared to 23% of placebo subjects; p < 0.0001 (a treatment effect of 47%). Figure 1 shows the results in all patients and in selected subgroups.
*The primary endpoint was achieved by 70% of patients randomized to angiotensin II (Giapreza) compared to 23% of placebo subjects; p < 0.0001 (a treatment effect of 47%). Figure 1 shows the results in all patients and in selected subgroups.


[[image:Angiotensen_ll_(Giapreza)_Clinical_Studies_Figure.png|none|thumb|400px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
[[image:Angiotensen_ll_(Giapreza)_Clinical_Studies_Figure.png|none|thumb|400px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]


|howSupplied=*GIAPREZA (angiotensin II) Injection is a clear, aqueous solution for administration by intravenous infusion supplied as a single dose vial in two strengths:
|howSupplied=*Angiotensin II (Giapreza) (angiotensin II) Injection is a clear, aqueous solution for administration by intravenous infusion supplied as a single dose vial in two strengths:


:*2.5 mg/mL vial: NDC 68547-501-02: A carton of one 1 mL single dose vial containing 2.5 mg angiotensin II (as a sterile liquid).
:*2.5 mg/mL vial: NDC 68547-501-02: A carton of one 1 mL single dose vial containing 2.5 mg angiotensin II (Giapreza)(as a sterile liquid).


:*5 mg/2 mL vial: NDC 68547-002-05: A carton of one 2 mL single dose vial containing 5 mg (2.5 mg/mL) angiotensin II (as a sterile liquid).
:*5 mg/2 mL vial: NDC 68547-002-05: A carton of one 2 mL single dose vial containing 5 mg (2.5 mg/mL) angiotensin II (Giapreza) (as a sterile liquid).


|storage=*GIAPREZA vials should be stored in the refrigerator (36-46°F, 2-8°C).
|storage=*Angiotensin II (Giapreza) vials should be stored in the refrigerator (36-46°F, 2-8°C).


*Discard prepared diluted solution after 24 hours at room temperature or under refrigeration.
*Discard prepared diluted solution after 24 hours at room temperature or under refrigeration.


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|nlmPatientInfo=(Link to patient information page)
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|brandNames=* Giapreza
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Latest revision as of 13:56, 25 July 2018

Angiotensin II (Giapreza)
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yashasvi Aryaputra[2], Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[3]

Disclaimer

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Overview

Angiotensin II (Giapreza) is a naturally occurring peptide hormone of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) that causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure that is FDA approved for the treatment of septic or other distributive shock. Common adverse reactions include thromboembolic events.

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

Indications
  • Angiotensin II (Giapreza) increases blood pressure in adults with septic or other distributive shock.

Dosage

Dosage Form

  • Injection: 2.5 mg/mL angiotensin II (Giapreza) and 5 mg/2 mL angiotensin II (Giapreza) (2.5 mg/mL) in a vial.

Preparation

  • Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
  • Angiotensin II (Giapreza) must be administered as an intravenous infusion. Angiotensin II (Giapreza) must be diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride prior to use. Dilute the contents of one vial of angiotensin II (Giapreza) in 0.9% saline to achieve a final concentration of 5,000 ng/mL or 10,000 ng/mL.
  • Discard vial and any unused portion of the drug product after use.
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
  • Diluted solution may be stored at room temperature or under refrigeration. Discard prepared solution after 24 hours at room temperature or under refrigeration.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding angiotensin II (Giapreza) Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use and Dosage (Adult) in the drug label.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding angiotensin II (Giapreza) Off-Label Non-Guideline-Supported Use and Dosage (Adult) in the drug label.

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

There is limited information regarding Angiotensin II (Giapreza) FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding angiotensin II (Giapreza) Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding angiotensin II (Giapreza) Off-Label Non-Guideline-Supported Use and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label.

Contraindications

  • None

Warnings

Risk for Thrombosis
  • The safety of angiotensin II (Giapreza) was evaluated in 321 adults with septic or other distributive shock in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, ATHOS-3. There was a higher incidence of arterial and venous thrombotic and thromboembolic events in patients who received angiotensin II (Giapreza) compared to placebo-treated patients in the ATHOS-3 study (13% vs. 5%). The major imbalance was in deep venous thromboses. Use concurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis.

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

  • Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
ATHOS-3
  • The safety of angiotensin II (Giapreza) was evaluated in ATHOS-3. Patients in ATHOS-3 were receiving other vasopressors in addition to angiotensin II (Giapreza) or placebo, which were titrated to effect on mean arterial pressure (MAP).
  • Table 2 summarizes adverse reactions with an incidence of at least 4% among patients treated with angiotensin II (Giapreza) and with a rate of at least 1.5% higher with angiotensin II (Giapreza) than with placebo.
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

Postmarketing Experience

There is limited information regarding Angiotensin II (Giapreza) Postmarketing Experience in the drug label.

Drug Interactions

  • Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
  • Angiotensin II (Giapreza) Receptor Blockers (ARB)
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
  • Concomitant use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may increase the response to angiotensin II (Giapreza).
Angiotensin II (Giapreza) Receptor Blockers (ARB)
  • Concomitant use of angiotensin II (Giapreza) blockers (ARBs) may decrease the response to angiotensin II (Giapreza).

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA):

Risk Summary

  • The published data on angiotensin II (Giapreza) use in pregnant women are not sufficient to determine a drug-associated risk of adverse developmental outcomes. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with angiotensin II (Giapreza).
  • All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defects, loss, or other adverse outcomes. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.

Clinical Considerations

  • Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk.
  • Septic or other distributive shock is a medical emergency that can be fatal if left untreated. Delaying treatment in pregnant women with hypotension associated with septic or other distributive shock is likely to increase the risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.


Pregnancy Category (AUS): There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Angiotensin II (Giapreza) in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

There is no FDA guidance on use of Angiotensin II (Giapreza) during labor and delivery.

Nursing Mothers

  • It is not known whether angiotensin II (Giapreza) is present in human milk. No data are available on the effects of angiotensin II (Giapreza) on the breastfed child or the effects on milk production.

Pediatric Use

  • The safety and efficacy of angiotensin II (Giapreza) in pediatric patients have not been established.

Geriatic Use

  • In ATHOS-3, 48% of the total patient population was aged 65 years and older. There was no significant difference in safety or efficacy between patients less than 65 and those 65 years or older when treated with angiotensin II (Giapreza).

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Angiotensin II (Giapreza) with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Angiotensin II (Giapreza) with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Angiotensin II (Giapreza) in patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Angiotensin II (Giapreza) in patients with hepatic impairment.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Angiotensin II (Giapreza) in women of reproductive potentials and males.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of Angiotensin II (Giapreza) in patients who are immunocompromised.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

  • The recommended starting dosage of angiotensin II (Giapreza) is 20 nanograms (ng)/kg/min via continuous intravenous infusion. Administration through a central venous line is recommended.
  • Monitor blood pressure response and titrate angiotensin II (Giapreza) every 5 minutes by increments of up to 15 ng/kg/min as needed to achieve or maintain target blood pressure. Do not exceed 80 ng/kg/min during the first 3 hours of treatment. Maintenance doses should not exceed 40 ng/kg/min. Doses as low as 1.25 ng/kg/min may be used.
  • Once the underlying shock has sufficiently improved, down-titrate every 5 to 15 minutes by increments of up to 15 ng/kg/min based on blood pressure.

Monitoring

  • An increase in blood pressure is indicative of efficacy
  • Blood pressure: Monitor response to therapy

IV Compatibility

There is limited information regarding the compatibility of Angiotensin II (Giapreza) and IV administrations.

Overdosage

  • Overdose of angiotensin II (Giapreza) would be expected to result in hypertension, necessitating close monitoring and supportive care. Effects are expected to be brief because the half-life of angiotensin II (Giapreza) is less than one minute.

Pharmacology

Template:Px
Angiotensin II
Systematic (IUPAC) name
L-alpha-aspartyl-L-arginyl-L-valyl-L-tyrosyl-L-isoleucyl-L-histidyl-L-prolyl-L-phenylalanine
Identifiers
CAS number 4474-91-3
ATC code ?
PubChem 172198
DrugBank DB11842
Chemical data
Formula Template:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox 
Mol. mass ?
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability ?
Metabolism ?
Half life less than one minute (IV administration)
Excretion ?
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.

?

Legal status
Routes Intravenous injection

Mechanism of Action

  • Angiotensin II (Giapreza) raises blood pressure by vasoconstriction and increased aldosterone release. Direct action of angiotensin II (Giapreza) on the vessel wall is mediated by binding to the G-protein-coupled angiotensin II (Giapreza) receptor type 1 on vascular smooth muscle cells, which stimulates Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of myosin and causes smooth muscle contraction.

Structure

This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

Pharmacodynamics

  • For the 114 (70%) patients in the angiotensin II (Giapreza) arm who reached the target MAP at Hour 3, the median time to reach the target MAP endpoint was approximately 5 minutes. Angiotensin II (Giapreza) is titrated to effect for each individual patient.

Pharmacokinetics

  • Following intravenous infusion of angiotensin II (Giapreza) in adults with septic or other distributive shock, serum levels of angiotensin II (Giapreza) are similar at Baseline and Hour 3 after intravenous infusion. After 3 hours of treatment, however, the serum level of angiotensin I (the angiotensin II (Giapreza) precursor peptide) is reduced by approximately 40%.

Distribution:

  • No specific studies were conducted that examined the distribution of angiotensin II (Giapreza).

Metabolism and Excretion:

  • No specific studies were conducted that examined the metabolism and excretion of angiotensin II (Giapreza).
  • The plasma half-life of IV administered angiotensin II (Giapreza) is less than one minute. It is metabolized by aminopeptidase A and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 to angiotensin-(2-8) [angiotensin III] and angiotensin-(1-7), respectively in plasma, erythrocytes and many of the major organs (i.e., intestine, kidney, liver and lung). Angiotensin II (Giapreza) type 1 receptor (AT1) mediated activity of angiotensin III is approximately 40% of angiotensin II (Giapreza); however, aldosterone synthesis activity is similar to angiotensin II (Giapreza). Angiotensin-(1-7) exerts the opposite effects of angiotensin II (Giapreza) on AT1 receptors and causes vasodilation.

Specific Populations

  • No formal pharmacokinetic studies were conducted with angiotensin II (Giapreza) in the following specific populations.

Renal Impairment

  • The clearance of angiotensin II (Giapreza) is not dependent on renal function. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics of angiotensin II (Giapreza) are not expected to be influenced by renal impairment.

Hepatic Impairment

  • The clearance of angiotensin II (Giapreza) is not dependent on hepatic function. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics of angiotensin II (Giapreza) are not expected to be influenced by hepatic impairment.

Age

  • The effect of age was analyzed in the 163 patients receiving angiotensin II (Giapreza) in ATHOS-3. There were no significant differences in pharmacokinetics between age groups (< 65 years / ≥ 65 years).

Male and Female Patients

  • The effect of sex was analyzed in the 163 patients receiving angiotensin II (Giapreza) in ATHOS-3. There were no significant differences in pharmacokinetics between male and female patients.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

  • No genetic toxicity studies have been conducted with angiotensin II (Giapreza). No carcinogenicity or fertility studies with angiotensin II (Giapreza) have been conducted in animals.

Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology

  • No animal toxicology studies were conducted with angiotensin II (Giapreza).

Safety Pharmacology

  • In a cardiovascular safety pharmacology study in normotensive dogs, angiotensin II (Giapreza) doses of 150, 450, and 1800 ng/kg (5, 15 and 60 ng/kg/min) were infused intravenously for 30 minutes each. At ≥ 450 ng/kg, angiotensin II (Giapreza) caused significantly elevated MAP and systemic vascular resistance, as expected. The 1800 ng/kg dose also caused increased heart rate, increased systemic vascular resistance, increased left ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures, and PR interval prolongation. Angiotensin II (Giapreza) did not significantly alter respiratory rate or cause electrocardiographic changes in QRS duration or QTc.

Clinical Studies

ATHOS-3
  • The angiotensin II (Giapreza) for the Treatment of High-Output Shock (ATHOS-3) trial was a double-blind study in which 321 adults with septic or other distributive shock who remained hypotensive despite fluid and vasopressor therapy were randomized 1:1 to angiotensin II (Giapreza) or placebo. Doses of angiotensin II (Giapreza) or placebo were titrated to a target mean arterial pressure (MAP) of ≥ 75 mmHg during the first 3 hours of treatment while doses of other vasopressors were maintained. From Hour 3 to Hour 48, angiotensin II (Giapreza) or placebo were titrated to maintain MAP between 65 and 70 mmHg while reducing doses of other vasopressors. The primary endpoint was the percentage of subjects who achieved either a MAP ≥ 75 mmHg or a ≥ 10 mmHg increase in MAP without an increase in baseline vasopressor therapy at 3 hours.
  • 91% of subjects had septic shock; the remaining subjects had other forms of distributive shock such as neurogenic shock. At the time of study drug administration, 97% of subjects were receiving norepinephrine, 67% vasopressin, 15% phenylephrine, 13% epinephrine, and 2% dopamine. 83% of subjects had received two or more vasopressors and 47% three or more vasopressors prior to study drug administration. 61% of subjects were male, 80% were White, 10% were Black, and 10% were other races. The median age of subjects was 64 years (range: 22-89 years). Patients requiring high doses of steroids, patients with a history of asthma or bronchospasm, and patients with Raynaud's syndrome were not included.
  • The primary endpoint was achieved by 70% of patients randomized to angiotensin II (Giapreza) compared to 23% of placebo subjects; p < 0.0001 (a treatment effect of 47%). Figure 1 shows the results in all patients and in selected subgroups.
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

How Supplied

  • Angiotensin II (Giapreza) (angiotensin II) Injection is a clear, aqueous solution for administration by intravenous infusion supplied as a single dose vial in two strengths:
  • 2.5 mg/mL vial: NDC 68547-501-02: A carton of one 1 mL single dose vial containing 2.5 mg angiotensin II (Giapreza)(as a sterile liquid).
  • 5 mg/2 mL vial: NDC 68547-002-05: A carton of one 2 mL single dose vial containing 5 mg (2.5 mg/mL) angiotensin II (Giapreza) (as a sterile liquid).

Storage

  • Angiotensin II (Giapreza) vials should be stored in the refrigerator (36-46°F, 2-8°C).
  • Discard prepared diluted solution after 24 hours at room temperature or under refrigeration.

Images

Drug Images

{{#ask: Page Name::Angiotensin II (Giapreza) |?Pill Name |?Drug Name |?Pill Ingred |?Pill Imprint |?Pill Dosage |?Pill Color |?Pill Shape |?Pill Size (mm) |?Pill Scoring |?NDC |?Drug Author |format=template |template=DrugPageImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Pill Name }}

Package and Label Display Panel

This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

{{#ask: Label Page::Angiotensin II (Giapreza) |?Label Name |format=template |template=DrugLabelImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Label Page }}

Patient Counseling Information

There is limited information regarding Angiotensin II (Giapreza) Patient Counseling Information in the drug label.

Precautions with Alcohol

Alcohol-Angiotensin II (Giapreza) interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor regarding the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

  • Giapreza

Look-Alike Drug Names

There is limited information regarding Angiotensin II (Giapreza) Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.

Drug Shortage Status

Drug Shortage

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

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