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| {{Infobox_Disease | | | {{Infobox_Disease | |
| Name = {{PAGENAME}} | | | Name = {{PAGENAME}} | |
| Image = Kone_med_stor_struma.jpg | | | Image = Goiter_graphic.png | |
| Caption = A woman with a goiter. | | | Caption = By BruceBlaus. ISSN 2002-4436. CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. <ref name="urlupload.wikimedia.org">{{cite web |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Blausen_0534_Goiter.png |title=upload.wikimedia.org |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>}} |
| DiseasesDB = 5332 |
| | __NOTOC__ |
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|01|0|e|00}}-{{ICD10|E|01|2|e|00}} |
| | {{Goiter}} |
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|240.9}} |
| | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{ARK}} |
| ICDO = |
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| OMIM = |
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| MedlinePlus = 001178 |
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| eMedicineSubj = |
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| eMedicineTopic = |
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| MeshID = Goiter |
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| }} | |
| {{SI}} | |
| {{CMG}} | |
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| | {{SK}} |
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| | ==[[Goiter overview|Overview]]== |
| ==Overview== | |
| '''Goiter''' is defined as an enlargement of the [[thyroid gland]].
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| ==Etymology== | | ==[[Goiter historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| A '''goitre''' (BrE), or '''goiter''' (AmE) ([[Latin]] ''struma''), also called a '''bronchocele''', is a swelling in the neck (just below [[Adam's apple]] or [[larynx]]) due to an enlarged [[thyroid|thyroid gland]].
| | ==[[Goiter classification|Classification]]== |
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| ==Classification== | | ==[[Goiter pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| They are classified in different ways:
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| * A "diffuse goitre" is a goitre that has spread through all of the thyroid (and can be a "simple goitre", or a "multinodular goitre").
| | ==[[Goiter causes|Causes]]== |
| * "Toxic goitre" refers to goitre with [[hyperthyroidism]]. These most commonly due to [[Graves disease]], but can be caused by [[inflammation]] or a multinodular goitre.
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| * "Nontoxic goitre" (associated with normal or low thyroid levels) refers to all other types (such as that caused by [[lithium]] or certain other [[autoimmune]] diseases).
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| == Epidemiology and Demographics == | | ==[[Differentiating goiter from other diseases|Differentiating Goiter from other Diseases]]== |
| * Sporadic form more common in women: 8:1 (female:male)
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| == Causes == | | ==[[Goiter epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| Other causes are:
| | ==[[Goiter risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| * [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]] (E06.3)
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| * [[Graves-Basedow disease]] (E05.0)
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| * [[inborn errors]] of thyroid hormone synthesis, causing [[congenital hypothyroidism]] (E03.0)
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| * [[Thyroiditis]] (acute, chronic) (E06)
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| * [[Adverse drug reaction|Side-effects]] of pharmacological therapy (E03.2)
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| * [[Thyroid cancer]]
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| == Occurrence == | | ==[[Goiter screening|Screening]]== |
| Iodine is necessary for the synthesis of the thyroid [[hormone]]s [[triiodothyronine]] and [[thyroxine]] (T3 and T4). In conditions producing endemic goitre, when iodine is not available, these hormones cannot be made. In response to low thyroid hormones, the [[pituitary gland]] releases [[thyroid stimulating hormone]] (TSH). Thyroid stimulating hormone acts to increase synthesis of T3 and T4, but it also causes the thyroid gland to grow in size by increasing cell division.
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| Goitre is more common among women, but this includes the many types of goitre caused by autoimmune problems, and not only those caused by simple lack of iodine.
| | ==[[Goiter natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| | | [[Goiter history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Goiter physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Goiter laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Goiter electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Goiter chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Goiter CT|CT]] | [[Goiter MRI|MRI]] | [[Goiter echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Goiter other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Goiter other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| ===Physical examination===
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| * Inspection
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| * Palpation
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| (Images courtesy of Charlie Goldberg, M.D., UCSD School of Medicine and VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA)
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| <div align="left">
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:thyromegaly.jpg|Thyromegaly
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| Image:head_goiter2.jpg|Thyromegaly
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| Image:head_goiter1.jpg|Thyromegaly
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| ===Laboratory tests===
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| * [[T3]]
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| * [[T4]]
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| * [[TSH]]
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| * [[FT3]]
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| * [[FT4]]
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| === Thyroid ultrasound===
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| == Differential Diagnosis ==
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| In alphabetical order. <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>
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| === Diffuse Goiter ===
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| * [[Acromegaly]]
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| * [[Acute thyroiditis]]
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| * [[Adenoma of the thyroid]]
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| * [[Amyloidosis]]
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| * [[Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid]]
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| * Benign and malignant thyroid gland tumors
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| * Calcium and fluorides in water
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| * [[Carcinosarcoma of the thyroid]]
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| * Chemicals
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| * [[Colloid nodule of the thyroid]]
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| * Compensatory hyperplasia after hemithyroidectomy
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| * [[Cyst]]
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| * Defects in thyroid hormone synthesis
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| * [[DeQuervain's Thyroiditis]]
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| * [[Drugs]]
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| * Excess [[thyroid stimulating hormone]] ([[TSH]])
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| * Focal [[thyroiditis]]
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| * [[Follicular carcinoma of the Thyroid]]
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| * Goitrogenic vegetables (bamboo shoots, broccoli, cabbage, cassava, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, turnips)
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| * [[Grave's Disease]]
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| * [[Hashimoto's Thyroiditis]]
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| * [[Hematoma]]
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| * [[Hyperthyroidism]]
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| * [[Hypothyroidism]]
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| * Impairment of the thyroid hormone synthesis/enzyme defect
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| * [[Insulin-like growth factor]]
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| * [[Iodine deficiency]]
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| * [[Lymphoma]]
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| * Maternal antithyroid drug therapy
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| * Maternal iodine therapy
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| * [[Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid]]
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| * [[Menopause]]
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| * [[Metastases of extrathyroidal tumors]]
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| * [[Mixed papillary-follicular carcinoma of the thyroid]]
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| * [[Multiple adenomas]]
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| * [[Nontoxic nodular goiter]]
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| * [[Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid]]
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| * [[Paraneoplastic production of thyroid stimulating hormone]] ([[TSH]])
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| * [[Parasite]]
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| * Parathyroid tumoral tissue
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| * [[Pregnancy]]
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| * [[Puberty]]
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| * [[Reidel's Thyroiditis]]
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| * Resistance to thyroid hormone
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| * [[Sarcoidosis]]
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| * [[Sarcoma]]
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| * [[Selenium deficiency]]
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| * [[Silent thyroiditis]]
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| * [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the thyroid]]
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| * [[Toxic multinodular goiter]]
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| * Thymic tumoral tissue
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| * Thyroid gland autonomy
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| * Thyroid growth immunoglobulins
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| * [[Thyroiditis]]
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| === Hyperthyroid ===
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| * [[Chloriocarcinoma of the thyroid]]
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| * [[Embrional cell carcinoma of the testis]]
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| * Gestational stimulation by human chorionic gonadotropin
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| * [[Grave's Disease]]
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| * [[Hydatiform mole]]
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| * Pituitary resistence to thyroid hormone
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| * [[Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)-secreting pituitary gland tumor]]
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| * [[Thyroiditis]]
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| === Other ===
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| * [[Carotid]] [[aneurysm]]
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| * [[Cystic hygroma]]
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| * [[Dermoid]]
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| * [[Hemangioma]]
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| * [[Lipoma]]
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| * [[Lymph node]]
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| * [[Parathyroid]] [[adenoma]]
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| * [[Teratoma]]
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| * [[Thyroglossal duct cyst]]
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| Treatment for goitre may not be necessary if the goitre is small. [[Hypothyroidism]] should be treated, and this treatment often leads to a substantial reduction in the size of the goitre. Removal of the goitre may be necessary if it causes difficulty with breathing or swallowing. There is now an alternative to surgery in large goitres. Radioiodine therapy with or without the pre-injection of a synthetic thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH, can relieve obstruction and reduce the size of the goitre by 30-65%. But removal of a goitre requires removing the thyroid. The complete removal of the thyroid gland removes the body's ability to produce thyroid hormone. In this case, supplements of oral [[thyroxine]] are necessary to avoid harm from [[hypothyroidism]].
| | [[Goiter medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Goiter surgery|Surgery]] | [[Goiter radiation therapy|Radiation therapy]] | [[Goiter primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Goiter secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Goiter cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Goiter future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| == History and future ==
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| Goitre was previously common in many areas that were deficient in iodine in the [[soil]]. For example, in the English Midlands, the condition was known as '''Derbyshire Neck'''. In the United States, goitre was found in the Midwest, and Intermountain regions. The condition now is practically absent in affluent nations, where [[Sodium chloride|table salt]] is [[Iodized salt|supplemented with iodine]]. However, it is still prevalent in India,<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/16/health/16iodine.html "In Raising the World’s I.Q., the Secret’s in the Salt"], article by Donald G. McNeil, Jr., December 16, 2006, ''New York Times''</ref> Central Asia and Central Africa.
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| Some health workers fear that a resurgence of goitre might occur because of the trend to use rock salt and/or sea salt, which has not been fortified with [[iodine]].
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| New research indicates that there may in fact be a tendency to inherit an increased vulnerability to goitre.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Struma ovarii]] (a kind of [[teratoma]])
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| == External links ==
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| * [http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/articles/article.aspx?articleId=179 National Health Services, UK]
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| * [http://www.iodinenetwork.net Network for Sustained Elimination of Iodine Deficiency]
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| * [http://www.sph.emory.edu/PAMM/sang/partnership/ Network for Sustained Elimination of Iodine Deficiency] - alternate site at [[Emory University]]'s School of [[Public Health]]
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| == References ==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| == Suggested Reading and Key General References ==
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| == Suggested Links and Web Resources ==
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| == For Patients ==
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| {{endocrine_system}}
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| {{Endocrinology}}
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| {{Endocrine pathology}}
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| | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[Goiter case study one|Case #1]] |
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