Whipworm infection historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[2], Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [3]
Overview
In 1761, Roederer described whipworm for the first time. In 1771, Carl Linnaeus coined the binomial name for human whipworm as Trichuris trichiura. The human whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) is generally considered "heirloom," since it is found in African non-human primates, and parasite eggs were found in fossilized human feces in archaeological sites before animal domestication and before the Columbian colonization. The origin of human Trichuris is believed to be in Africa, where the parasite was transmitted to humans through early primates.
Historical Perspective
Whipworm and Humans: An evolutionary perspective
- Since the evolution of humans and the genus Homo, for the past four million years, there has been continuous contact between humans and many parasites.
- Parasites infecting humans today have different evolutionary origins and can be broadly divided into two groups:
- The human whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) is generally considered "heirloom," since it is found in African, non-human primates, and parasite eggs were found in human fossilized feces in archaeological sites before animal domestication and before the Columbian colonization.[2]
Demographic History
- Discovery of whipworm in different parts of the world may be explained by human migrations to various parts of the world.[3]
- The origin of human Trichuris is believed to be in Africa, where the parasite was transmitted to humans through early primates. When pigs evolved in China, they presumably acquired whipworms.[4][5]
- Phylogenetic analysis shows that the human whipworm clustered into separate clades demographically. The first divergence for human T. trichiura occurred between the Ugandan and China/Ecuador populations (over 500,000 generations ago). Then, a second split between the China and Ecuador populations (120,000 generations) occurred. This again supports the theory of T. trichiura originating in Africa and spreading to Asia and South America by human activity.
Discovery and Binomial Nomenclature
- In 1761, Roederer described whipworm for the first time.[6]
- In 1771, Carl Linnaeus coined the binomial name for human whipworm as Trichuris trichiura.
References
- ↑ Cox FE (2002). "History of human parasitology". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15 (4): 595–612. PMC 126866. PMID 12364371.
- ↑ Cox FE (2002). "History of human parasitology". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15 (4): 595–612. PMC 126866. PMID 12364371.
- ↑ Hawash MB, Betson M, Al-Jubury A, Ketzis J, LeeWillingham A, Bertelsen MF, Cooper PJ, Littlewood DT, Zhu XQ, Nejsum P (2016). "Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography". Parasit Vectors. 9: 37. doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1325-8. PMC 4724142. PMID 26800683.
- ↑ Hawash MB, Betson M, Al-Jubury A, Ketzis J, LeeWillingham A, Bertelsen MF, Cooper PJ, Littlewood DT, Zhu XQ, Nejsum P (2016). "Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography". Parasit Vectors. 9: 37. doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1325-8. PMC 4724142. PMID 26800683.
- ↑ "Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text".
- ↑ Tokmak N, Koc Z, Ulusan S, Koltas IS, Bal N (2006). "Computed tomographic findings of trichuriasis". World J Gastroenterol. 12 (26): 4270–2. PMC 4087392. PMID 16830393.