Vitamin B12 deficiency causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.

Overview

Common causes of vitamin B12 deficiency include insufficient dietary intake, as well as diseases and iatrogenic procedures causing problems in absorption. It is common in individuals adhering to vegetarian or vegan diets without external supplementation, due to primary sources including animal products such as meat, eggs, and dairy.

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	Nitroux oxide abuse
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Cimetidine, Glyburide , Metformin hydrochloride, Neomycin, Omeprazole, Pantoprazole, Prolonged antiacid use, Rabeprazole, Ranitidine hydrochloride, Saxagliptin hydrochloride
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Graves' disease
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Achlorhydria, Atrophic gastritis, Bariatric surgery, Blind loop syndrome, Bothriocephalosis, Celiac disease, Chronic pancreatitis, Cobalamin malabsorption, Crohn's disease, Gastrectomy, Gastritis, Grasbeck-imerslund disease, Ileal resection, Imerslund-najman-grasbeck anemia, Malabsorption syndrome, Pancreatic insufficiency, Pancreatitis, Postgastrectomy syndrome, Small bowel disease
Genetic	Homocystinuria, Mthfr deficiency
Hematologic	Grasbeck-imerslund disease, Imerslund-najman-grasbeck anemia, Intrinsic factor deficiency , Juvenile megaloblastic anemia, Macrocytic anemia, Megaloblastic anemia, Pernicious anemia, Transcobalamin deficiency
Iatrogenic	Bariatric surgery, Gastrectomy, Ileal resection, N2o anesthesia , Postgastrectomy syndrome
Infectious Disease	Bothriocephalosis, Diphyllobothrium latum
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	Cobalamin malabsorption, Excessive alcohol consumption, Insufficient diet, Veganism, Vegetarianism
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	Excessive alcohol consumption, Nitroux oxide abuse
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Crohn's disease, Systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Idiopathic

Cause in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ Camarero-Shelly M, Pellitero S, Martínez E, Puig R, Leis A, Zavala R, Granada ML, Pastor C, Moreno P, Tarascó J, Balibrea J, Puig-Domingo M (April 2018). "[Vitamin B12 levels in the patient population attending an urban health centre in Madrid]". Semergen (in Spanish; Castilian). 44 (3): 161–167. doi:10.1016/j.semerg.2017.03.006. PMID 28457771.
↑ Gomollón F, Gargallo CJ, Muñoz JF, Vicente R, Lue A, Mir A, García-Alvarado M, Gracia M, García-López S (March 2017). "Oral Cyanocobalamin is Effective in the Treatment of Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Crohn's Disease". Nutrients. 9 (3). doi:10.3390/nu9030308. PMC 5372971. PMID 28335526.
↑ Orskov I, Orskov F (January 1966). "Episome-carried surface antigen K88 of Escherichia coli. I. Transmission of the determinant of the K88 antigen and influence on the transfer of chromosomal markers". J. Bacteriol. 91 (1): 69–75. PMID 5323299.
↑ de Jager J, Kooy A, Lehert P, Wulffelé MG, van der Kolk J, Bets D, Verburg J, Donker AJ, Stehouwer CD (May 2010). "Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trial". BMJ. 340: c2181. PMC 2874129. PMID 20488910.

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[pmid28457771-1] Camarero-Shelly M, Pellitero S, Martínez E, Puig R, Leis A, Zavala R, Granada ML, Pastor C, Moreno P, Tarascó J, Balibrea J, Puig-Domingo M (April 2018). "[Vitamin B12 levels in the patient population attending an urban health centre in Madrid]". Semergen (in Spanish; Castilian). 44 (3): 161–167. doi:10.1016/j.semerg.2017.03.006. PMID 28457771.

[pmid28335526-2] Gomollón F, Gargallo CJ, Muñoz JF, Vicente R, Lue A, Mir A, García-Alvarado M, Gracia M, García-López S (March 2017). "Oral Cyanocobalamin is Effective in the Treatment of Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Crohn's Disease". Nutrients. 9 (3). doi:10.3390/nu9030308. PMC 5372971. PMID 28335526.

[pmid5323299-3] Orskov I, Orskov F (January 1966). "Episome-carried surface antigen K88 of Escherichia coli. I. Transmission of the determinant of the K88 antigen and influence on the transfer of chromosomal markers". J. Bacteriol. 91 (1): 69–75. PMID 5323299.

[pmid20488910-4] Jager J, Kooy A, Lehert P, Wulffelé MG, van der Kolk J, Bets D, Verburg J, Donker AJ, Stehouwer CD (May 2010). "Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trial". BMJ. 340: c2181. PMC 2874129. PMID 20488910.

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