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Anatomy and Physiology
Cervical (8) | |
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Thoracic (12) | anterior (Intercostal, Intercostobrachial - T2, Thoraco-abdominal nerves - T7-T11, Subcostal - T12) - posterior (Posterior branches of thoracic nerves) |
Lumbar (5) | anterior (Lumbar plexus, Lumbosacral trunk) - posterior (Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves, Superior cluneal L1-L3) |
Sacral (5) | |
Coccygeal (1) | anterior (Coccygeal plexus) - posterior (Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve) |
superficial | |
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deep |
Supraclavicular | |
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Infraclavicular: lateral cord | |
Infraclavicular: medial cord | medial pectoral
cutaneous: medial cutaneous of forearm • medial cutaneous of arm ulnar: muscular - palmar - dorsal (dorsal digital nerves) - superficial (common palmar digital, proper palmar digital) - deep median/medial root: see above |
Infraclavicular: posterior cord | subscapular (upper, lower) • thoracodorsal
axillary (superior lateral cutaneous of arm) radial: muscular - cutaneous (posterior of arm, inferior lateral of arm, posterior of forearm) - superficial (dorsal digital nerves) - deep (posterior interosseous) |
Other |
Head/cranial | Ciliary ganglion: roots (Sensory, Parasympathetic, Sympathetic) - Short ciliary
Pterygopalatine ganglion: deep petrosal - nerve of pterygoid canal |
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Neck/cervical | |
Chest/thorax | |
Abdomen/Lumbar | paravertebral ganglia: Lumbar ganglia
prevertebral ganglia: Celiac ganglia (Aorticorenal) - Superior mesenteric ganglion - Inferior mesenteric ganglion prevertebral plexus: Celiac plexus - (Hepatic, Splenic, Pancreatic) - aorticorenal (Abdominal aortic plexus, Renal/Suprarenal) - Superior mesenteric (Gastric) - Inferior mesenteric (Spermatic, Ovarian) - Superior hypogastric (hypogastric nerve, Superior rectal) - Inferior hypogastric (Vesical, Prostatic/Cavernous nerves of penis, Uterovaginal, Middle rectal) splanchnic nerves: Lumbar splanchnic nerves enteric nervous system: Meissner's plexus • Auerbach's plexus |
Pelvis/sacral | |
All |
White matter fibers | |
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Association fibers | |
Commissural fibers | |
Projection fibers | (none named) |
lumbar plexus (L1-L4) | iliohypogastric: lateral cutaneous branch - anterior cutaneous branch
ilioinguinal: anterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀ genitofemoral: femoral branch/lumboinguinal - genital branch lateral cutaneous of thigh: patellar obturator: anterior (cutaneous) - posterior - accessory femoral: anterior cutaneous branches - saphenous (infrapatellar, medial crural cutaneous) | ||||
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sacral plexus (L4-S4) |
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coccygeal plexus (S4-Co) | |||||
Head/cranial | Ciliary ganglion: roots (Sensory, Parasympathetic, Sympathetic) - Short ciliary
Pterygopalatine ganglion: deep petrosal - nerve of pterygoid canal |
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Neck/cervical | |
Chest/thorax | |
Abdomen/Lumbar | paravertebral ganglia: Lumbar ganglia
prevertebral ganglia: Celiac ganglia (Aorticorenal) - Superior mesenteric ganglion - Inferior mesenteric ganglion prevertebral plexus: Celiac plexus - (Hepatic, Splenic, Pancreatic) - aorticorenal (Abdominal aortic plexus, Renal/Suprarenal) - Superior mesenteric (Gastric) - Inferior mesenteric (Spermatic, Ovarian) - Superior hypogastric (hypogastric nerve, Superior rectal) - Inferior hypogastric (Vesical, Prostatic/Cavernous nerves of penis, Uterovaginal, Middle rectal) splanchnic nerves: Lumbar splanchnic nerves enteric nervous system: Meissner's plexus • Auerbach's plexus |
Pelvis/sacral | |
All |
CNS |
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PNS |
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Neurons/ nerve fibers |
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Termination |
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Brain: rhombencephalon (hindbrain) | |
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Myelencephalon/medulla | anterior/ventral: Arcuate nucleus of medulla • Pyramid (Decussation) • Olivary body • Inferior olivary nucleus • Anterior median fissure • Ventral respiratory group posterior/dorsal: VII,IX,X: Solitary/tract • XII, X: Dorsal • IX,X,XI: Ambiguus • IX: Inferior salivatory nucleus • Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus/Accessory cuneate nucleus • Area postrema • Posterior median sulcus • Dorsal respiratory group raphe/reticular: Sensory decussation • Reticular formation (Gigantocellular nucleus, Parvocellular reticular nucleus, Ventral reticular nucleus, Lateral reticular nucleus, Paramedian reticular nucleus) • Raphe nuclei (Obscurus, Magnus, Pallidus) tracts: Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) • Inferior cerebellar peduncle • Olivocerebellar tract • Spinocerebellar (Dorsal, Ventral) • Spinothalamic tract • PCML (Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers, Medial lemniscus) • Extrapyramidal (Rubrospinal tract, Vestibulospinal tract, Tectospinal tract) |
Metencephalon/pons | anterior/ventral: Superior olivary nucleus • Basis pontis (Pontine nuclei, Middle cerebellar peduncles) posterior/dorsal: Pontine tegmentum (Trapezoid body, Superior medullary velum, Locus ceruleus, MLF, Vestibulocerebellar tract, V Principal Spinal & Motor, VI, VII, VII: Superior salivary nucleus) • VIII-c (Dorsal, Anterior)/VIII-v (Lateral, Superior, Medial, Inferior) raphe/reticular: Reticular formation (Caudal pontine reticular nucleus, Oral pontine reticular nucleus, Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus, Paramedian pontine reticular formation) • Median raphe nucleus |
Metencephalon/cerebellum | Vermis • Flocculus • Arbor vitae • Cerebellar tonsil • Inferior medullary velum Molecular layer (Stellate cell, Basket cell, Parallel fiber) • Purkinje cell layer (Purkinje cell) • Granule cell layer (Golgi cell) • Mossy fibers • Climbing fiber |
Fourth ventricle | apertures (Median, Lateral) • Rhomboid fossa (Vagal trigone, Hypoglossal trigone, Obex, Sulcus limitans, Facial colliculus, Medial eminence) • Lateral recess |
Brain: mesencephalon (midbrain) | |||||
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Tectum (Dorsal) | |||||
Peduncle (Ventral) |
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Epithalamus | |
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Thalamus/nuclei | paired: AN • Ventral (VA/VL, VP/VPM/VPL) • Lateral (Pulvinar) • Metathalamus (MG, LG)
midline: MD • Intralaminar (Centromedian) • Midline nuclear group • Interthalamic adhesion • Medullary laminae surface: reticular tracts to thalamus: Mammillothalamic tract • Thalamic fasciculus • Lenticular fasciculus • Ansa lenticularis • Medial lemniscus • Trigeminal lemniscus • Spinothalamic tract • Lateral lemniscus |
Hypothalamus | autonomic zones: Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss) • Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation)
endocrine - posterior pituitary: magnocellular/Paraventricular/Supraoptic (oxytocin/vasopressin) endocrine - other: parvocellular/Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH) • Preoptic (GnRH) • Suprachiasmatic (melatonin) emotion: Lateral (hunger) • Ventromedial (satiety) • Dorsomedial (rage) surface: Median eminence/Tuber cinereum • Mammillary body • Infundibulum tracts: Medial forebrain bundle Pituitary: (Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular) |
Subthalamus |
Frontal lobe | Precentral gyrus (Primary motor cortex, 4)
Superior frontal gyrus/Frontal eye fields (6, 8, 9), Middle frontal gyrus (46), Inferior frontal gyrus/Broca's area (44-Pars opercularis, 45-Pars triangularis) Orbitofrontal cortex (10, 11, 12, 47) Precentral sulcus - Superior frontal sulcus - Inferior frontal sulcus - Olfactory sulcus |
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Parietal lobe | Somatosensory cortex (Primary (1, 2, 3, 43), Secondary (5)), Precuneus (7m)
Parietal lobules (Superior (7l), Inferior (40)), Angular gyrus (39) Intraparietal sulcus, Marginal sulcus |
Occipital lobe | |
Temporal lobe | |
Cingulate cortex/gyrus | Subgenual area (25), Anterior cingulate (24, 32, 33), Posterior cingulate (23, 31), Retrosplenial cortex (26, 29, 30) Callosal sulcus |
Interlobar sulci/fissures | |
White matter tracts | |
Other | |
Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri. |
Cranial sutures | Cranial: Frontoethmoidal - Frontal or Metopic (Frontal/Frontal) - Coronal (Frontal/Parietal) - Occipitomastoid (Occipital/Temporal) - Lambdoid (Parietal/Temporal) - Sagittal (Parietal/Parietal) - Sphenoethmoidal - Sphenofrontal - Sphenoparietal - Sphenosquamosal (Sphenoid/Temporal) - Sphenopetrosal (Sphenoid/Temporal) -Squamosal (Temporal/Parietal) - Petrosquamous (Temporal/Temporal)
Facial: Palatomaxillary suture Cranial-facial: Sphenozygomatic - Zygomaticotemporal - Zygomaticofrontal |
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Fontanelles | |
Foramina of multiple bones | |
Fossae | |
Other compound structures | Cranial: Asterion - Pterion - Calvaria - Stephanion - Bregma - Lambda
Facial: Nasion Cranial-facial: Dacryon - Zygomatic arch - Temporal fossa - Infratemporal fossa - Pterygomaxillary fissure - Pterygopalatine fossa |
Sternum | |
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Rib | specific ribs (1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, false - 8-12, floating - 11-12) - parts (Angle, Tubercle, Costal groove, Neck, Head) |
General vertebral structures | body of vertebra, vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, vertebral notch), foramina (vertebral, intervertebral), processes (transverse, articular / zygapophysis, spinous) |
Cervical vertebrae | |
Thoracic vertebrae | |
Lumbar vertebrae | |
Sacrum |
Cervical (8) | |
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Thoracic (12) | T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12
anterior (Intercostal, Intercostobrachial - T2, Thoraco-abdominal nerves - T7-T11, Subcostal - T12) - posterior (Posterior branches of thoracic nerves) |
Lumbar (5) | L1, L2, L3, L4, L5
anterior (Lumbar plexus, Lumbosacral trunk) - posterior (Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves, Superior cluneal L1-L3) |
Sacral (5) | S1, S2, S3, S4, S5
anterior (Sacral plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of sacral nerves, Medial cluneal nerves) |
Coccygeal (1) | anterior (Coccygeal plexus) - posterior (Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve) |
Embryology
General neural development/ neurulation/neurula | Notochord - Neuroectoderm - Neural plate - Neural folds - Neural groove
Neural crest - Neural tube (Neuromere/Rhombomere, Cephalic flexure) Alar plate (sensory) - Basal plate (motor) Glioblast - Neuroblast |
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Eye development | |
Auditory development | |
Disease States
Inflammatory diseases of the CNS | |
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Systemic atrophies primarily affecting the CNS | |
Extrapyramidal and movement disorders | Parkinson's disease - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome - Postencephalitic parkinsonism - Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration - Progressive supranuclear palsy - Striatonigral degeneration
Dystonia/Dyskinesia (Spasmodic torticollis, Meige's, Blepharospasm) Essential tremor - Myoclonus - Lafora Chorea (Choreoathetosis) - Restless legs - Stiff person |
Other degenerative / demyelinating diseases | Alzheimer's - Pick's - Alpers' - Dementia with Lewy bodies - Leigh's demyelinating: Multiple sclerosis - Devic's - Central pontine myelinolysis - Transverse myelitis |
Seizure/epilepsy | |
Headache | |
Vascular | |
Sleep disorders | |
Other |
Nerve, nerve root and plexus disorders (neuropathy, radiculopathy, plexopathy) | cranial nerve: V (Trigeminal neuralgia) - VII (Facial nerve paralysis, Bell's palsy, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, Central seven) - XI (Accessory nerve disorder)
nerve root and plexus: Brachial plexus lesion - Thoracic outlet syndrome - Phantom limb mononeuropathy: upper limb (Carpal tunnel syndrome, Ulnar nerve entrapment, Radial neuropathy) - Causalgia - lower limb (Meralgia paraesthetica, Tarsal tunnel syndrome, Morton's neuroma) - Mononeuritis multiplex |
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Polyneuropathies and other disorders of the PNS | hereditary and idiopathic (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Dejerine Sottas syndrome, Refsum's disease, Morvan's syndrome) Guillain-Barré syndrome - Alcoholic polyneuropathy |
Diseases of myoneural junction | |
Diseases of muscle (myopathy) | |
Autonomic |
The Nine Primary Muscular Dystrophies | |
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Related topics | |
National/International Organizations | |
US government Institutes and Legislation | |
National/International Events | Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon (USA) |
Recent or Ongoing Clinical Trials |
Miscellaneous tumors (9350-9379) | |
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Glioma (9380-9489) | |
Neuroepitheliomatous (9490-9529) | |
Meningiomas (9530-9539) | |
Nerve sheath tumor (9540-9579) | |
see also brain tumors (though not all brain tumors are of nervous tissue) |
Topics related to Tourette syndrome | |
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Main | |
Terms | Coprolalia · Copropraxia · Echolalia · Echopraxia · Palilalia · Sensory phenomena · Tic · Tic disorder · Tourettism |
History | |
Organizations | |
Media | |
Notable people |
Congenital Disease States
Brain | Anencephaly (Acephaly, Acrania, Iniencephaly) - Encephalocele - Microcephaly - Congenital hydrocephalus (Dandy-Walker syndrome) - other reduction deformities (Holoprosencephaly, Lissencephaly, Pachygyria, Hydranencephaly) - Septo-optic dysplasia - Megalencephaly - Congenital cerebral cysts (Porencephaly, Schizencephaly) - Congenital brain tumors |
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Brain stem | |
Spinal cord | |
Pharmacotherapy
Barbiturates | |
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Hydantoins | |
Oxazolidinediones | |
Succinimides | |
Benzodiazepines | |
Carboxamides | |
Fatty acid derivatives | |
Carboxylic acids | |
Others | GABA analogs: Gabapentin, Pregabalin, Progabide, Vigabatrin -- Monosaccharides: Topiramate -- Aromatic allylic alcohols: Stiripentol -- Ureas: Phenacemide, Pheneturide -- Phenyltriazines: Lamotrigine
Carbamates: Emylcamate, Felbamate, Meprobamate -- Pyrrolidines: Brivaracetam, Levetiracetam, Nefiracetam, Seletracetam Sulfa drugs: Acetazolamide, Ethoxzolamide, Sultiame, Zonisamide -- Propionates: Beclamide -- Aldehydes: Paraldehyde -- Bromides: Potassium bromide, Sodium bromide |
Anticholinesterases | |
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Other |
Antimigraine preparations (N02C) | |
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Ergot alkaloids | |
Corticosteroid derivatives | |
Selective serotonin (5-HT1) agonists | |
Other antimigraine preparations |
Tertiary amines | |
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Ethers chemically close to antihistamines | |
Ethers of tropine or tropine derivatives |
Dopa and derivatives | |
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Adamantane derivatives | |
Dopamine agonists | |
MAOIs | |
Other |
Lysergic acid derivatives | |
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Hallucinogenic lysergamides | |
Other ergolines | |
Natural sources |
Anticholinesterases | |
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Choline esters | |
Other parasympathomimetics |
Surgery
Skull, brain, and cerebral meninges | |
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Spinal cord and spinal canal | Spinal cord and roots (Cordotomy - Rhizotomy) - Intervertebral discs (Discectomy - Intervertebral disc annuloplasty - Intervertebral disc arthroplasty) - Vertebral bones (Laminotomy - Laminectomy - Laminoplasty - Corpectomy - Facetectomy - Foraminotomy - Vertebral fusion - Vertebral fixation) - Lumbar puncture |
Cranial and peripheral nerves | |
Sympathetic nerves or ganglia | |
Other |
Table of Contents In Alphabetical Order | By Individual Diseases | Signs and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Lab Tests | Drugs
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