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Common and Less Common Causes

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Osteoporosis
causes
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-modifiable
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Modifiable
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Physiologic
 
 
 
 
Musculoskeletal genetic disorder
 
 
 
 
Progeria genetic disorder
 
 
 
 
 
Lifestyle
 
 
 
 
Hormonal disorder
 
 
 
 
Medication
 
 
 
 
Medical condition
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
•Aging
•Idiopathic
•Menopause
•Andropause[1]
•Excessive Dieting
 
 
•Alpha thalassemia
•Diamond-Blackfan anemia
•Fabry's disease
•Glycerol kinase deficiency
•Homocystinuria
•Lobstein disease
•Menkes Disease[2]
•Osteogenesis imperfecta
 
 
•Mixed connective tissue disease
•Paget's disease of bone
•Prader-Willi syndrome
•Prolidase deficiency
•Thick skull syndrome
•Systemic infantile hyalinosis
•Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
 
•Ehlers-Danlos syndrome- progeroid form
•Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism
•Geroderma osteodysplastica[3]
•Hutchinson Gilford Syndrome[4]
•Hyperglycerolemia - infantile form
•Infantile sialic acid storage disorder
•Premature aging
•Pseudoprogeria syndrome
•Storm syndrome
•Werner syndrome
 
 
 
 
 
•Alcoholism
•Calcium deficiency
•Immobility
•Copper deficiency[5]
•Female athlete triad
•Protein deficiency
•Underweight
•White Phosphorus poisoning
•Zero gravity
 
 
 
 
•Gonadal dysgenesis
•Hyperparathyroidism
•Hyperthyroidism
•Primary hypoparathyroidism
•Adrenal adenoma
•Adrenal incidentaloma
•Adrenocortical carcinoma
•Aromatase deficiency
•Cushing's syndrome[6]
•Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor
•Galactorrhea-Hyperprolactinaemia
•Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
•Hyperadrenalism
•Kallmann syndrome
•Klinefelter syndrome[7]
•Lactotroph adenoma
•Oophorectomy - bilateral
•Orchidectomy
•Sub clinical hypothyroidism
•Turner's syndrome
 
 
 
 
•Prednisolone
•Cyproterone[8][9]
•Ethanol
•Exemestane
•Flunisolide
•Fluticasone (aerosol)
•Heparin
•Isotretinoin
•Pergolide
 
 
 
 
•Chronic renal failure
•Ankylosing spondylitis
•Chronic Hepatitis
•Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
•Cystic fibrosis
•Depression[10]
•Haemochromatosis
•Hyper IgE syndrome / Job syndrome
•Leukemia
•Lymphoma
•Pregnancy[11]
•Postgastrectomy
•Primary biliary cirrhosis
•Sarcoidosis
•Sickle cell anemia[12]
•Wilson's Disease
 
 
  1. ↑ Krysiak R, Okopień B (2012). "[Pathogenesis and clinical presentation of andropause]". Pol. Merkur. Lekarski (in Polish). 32 (187): 70–3. PMID 22400185.
  2. ↑ Tanaka H (2005). "[Systemic bone diseases; clues for the pathogenetic mechanism of osteoporosis]". Clin Calcium. 15 (5): 776–82. PMID 15876739.
  3. ↑ Boente Mdel C, Asial RA, Winik BC (2006). "Geroderma osteodysplastica. Report of a new family". Pediatr Dermatol. 23 (5): 467–72. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2006.00285.x. PMID 17014644.
  4. ↑ Hennekam RC (2006). "Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome: review of the phenotype". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 140 (23): 2603–24. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31346. PMID 16838330.
  5. ↑ Nojiri H, Saita Y, Morikawa D, Kobayashi K, Tsuda C, Miyazaki T, Saito M, Marumo K, Yonezawa I, Kaneko K, Shirasawa T, Shimizu T (2011). "Cytoplasmic superoxide causes bone fragility owing to low-turnover osteoporosis and impaired collagen cross-linking". J. Bone Miner. Res. 26 (11): 2682–94. doi:10.1002/jbmr.489. PMID 22025246.
  6. ↑ Lekva T, Ueland T, Bøyum H, Evang JA, Godang K, Bollerslev J (2012). "TXNIP is highly regulated in bone biopsies from patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome and related to bone turnover". Eur. J. Endocrinol. 166 (6): 1039–48. doi:10.1530/EJE-11-1082. PMID 22450549.
  7. ↑ Ferlin A, Schipilliti M, Foresta C (2011). "Bone density and risk of osteoporosis in Klinefelter syndrome". Acta Paediatr. 100 (6): 878–84. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02138.x. PMID 21214887.
  8. ↑ Grasswick LJ, Bradford JM (2003). "Osteoporosis associated with the treatment of paraphilias: a clinical review of seven case reports". J. Forensic Sci. 48 (4): 849–55. PMID 12877306.
  9. ↑ Vasireddy S, Swinson DR (2001). "Male osteoporosis associated with longterm cyproterone treatment". J. Rheumatol. 28 (7): 1702–3. PMID 11469484.
  10. ↑ Gold DT, Solimeo S (2006). "Osteoporosis and depression: a historical perspective". Curr Osteoporos Rep. 4 (4): 134–9. PMID 17112423.
  11. ↑ Dytfeld J, Horst-Sikorska W (2012). "Pregnancy associated osteoporosis--a case report". Ginekol. Pol. 83 (5): 377–9. PMID 22708337.
  12. ↑ Elshal MF, Bernawi AE, Al-Ghamdy MA, Jalal JA (2012). "The association of bone mineral density and parathyroid hormone with serum magnesium in adult patients with sickle-cell anaemia". Arch Med Sci. 8 (2): 270–6. doi:10.5114/aoms.2012.28554. PMC 3361039. PMID 22662000.
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