PI4K2A

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase 2-alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PI4K2A gene.[1][2][3]

Classification

This gene encodes a phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase which catalyzes phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol at the D-4 position, yielding phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P). Besides the fact, that PI4P serves as a precursor for other important phosphoinositides, such as phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, PI4P is an essential molecule in the cellular signaling and trafficking especially in the Golgi apparatus and the trans Golgi network.

Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases are evolutionary conserved among eukaryotes and include four human isoforms

Function

Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase 2-alpha (PI4K2A) is the most abundant phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase in human cells and is responsible for the synthesis of approximately 50% of the total PI4P within the cell. PI4K2A is associated mainly with the membranes of the trans Golgi network and early and late endosomes;[4] its membrane association is achieved by a heavy palmitoylation within a specific cysteine-rich motif.[5] Besides the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, PI4K2A is involved in various cell processes including membrane trafficking, regulation of endosomal sorting promoting target protein recruitment to endosomes or trans Golgi network, or signal transduction. Particularly, it regulates e.g. targeting of clathrin adaptor complexes to the Golgi apparatus,[6] EGFR signaling,[7] or the Wnt signaling pathway.[8]

Clinical significance

Dysfunction of PI4K2A may contribute to tumour growth,[9] spastic paraplegia,[10] Gaucher's disease,[11] or Alzheimer's disease.[12]

Structure

PI4K2A is composed of a proline-rich N-terminal region and a kinase domain located C-terminally. The proline-rich N-terminal region contains physiologically important binding sites for a ubiquitin ligase Itch [13] and clathrin adaptor complex 3,[14] but is likely disordered and dispensable for the kinase activity.[15] The kinase domain can be divided into N-terminal and C-terminal lobes with the ATP binding groove and putative phosphatidylinositol binding pocket in between. The C-lobe of the kinase domain contains an additional lateral hydrophobic pocket with no distinct function assigned yet.[16][17]

File:PI4K2A.png
Cartoon representation of the kinase domain of the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase 2-alpha. N-lobe is colored in gold, C-lobe in aquamarine, ATP in the active site between the lobes in the stick representation. PDB code: 4PLA.[16]

References

  1. ↑ Barylko B, Gerber SH, Binns DD, Grichine N, Khvotchev M, Sudhof TC, Albanesi JP (May 2001). "A novel family of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases conserved from yeast to humans". J Biol Chem. 276 (11): 7705–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.C000861200. PMID 11244087.
  2. ↑ Minogue S, Anderson JS, Waugh MG, dos Santos M, Corless S, Cramer R, Hsuan JJ (May 2001). "Cloning of a human type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase reveals a novel lipid kinase family". J Biol Chem. 276 (20): 16635–40. doi:10.1074/jbc.M100982200. PMID 11279162.
  3. ↑ "Entrez Gene: PI4KII phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type II".
  4. ↑ Balla, A; Tuymetova, G; Barshishat, M; Geiszt, M; Balla, T (31 May 2002). "Characterization of type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase isoforms reveals association of the enzymes with endosomal vesicular compartments". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (22): 20041–50. doi:10.1074/jbc.m111807200. PMID 11923287.
  5. ↑ Barylko, B; Mao, YS; Wlodarski, P; Jung, G; Binns, DD; Sun, HQ; Yin, HL; Albanesi, JP (10 April 2009). "Palmitoylation controls the catalytic activity and subcellular distribution of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase II{alpha}". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (15): 9994–10003. doi:10.1074/jbc.M900724200. PMC 2665123. PMID 19211550.
  6. ↑ Wang, YJ; Wang, J; Sun, HQ; Martinez, M; Sun, YX; Macia, E; Kirchhausen, T; Albanesi, JP; Roth, MG; Yin, HL (8 August 2003). "Phosphatidylinositol 4 phosphate regulates targeting of clathrin adaptor AP-1 complexes to the Golgi". Cell. 114 (3): 299–310. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00603-2. PMID 12914695.
  7. ↑ Minogue, S; Waugh, MG; De Matteis, MA; Stephens, DJ; Berditchevski, F; Hsuan, JJ (1 February 2006). "Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase is required for endosomal trafficking and degradation of the EGF receptor". Journal of Cell Science. 119 (Pt 3): 571–81. doi:10.1242/jcs.02752. PMID 16443754.
  8. ↑ Pan, W; Choi, SC; Wang, H; Qin, Y; Volpicelli-Daley, L; Swan, L; Lucast, L; Khoo, C; Zhang, X; Li, L; Abrams, CS; Sokol, SY; Wu, D (5 September 2008). "Wnt3a-mediated formation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate regulates LRP6 phosphorylation". Science. 321 (5894): 1350–3. doi:10.1126/science.1160741. PMC 2532521. PMID 18772438.
  9. ↑ Li, J; Lu, Y; Zhang, J; Kang, H; Qin, Z; Chen, C (29 April 2010). "PI4KIIalpha is a novel regulator of tumor growth by its action on angiogenesis and HIF-1alpha regulation". Oncogene. 29 (17): 2550–9. doi:10.1038/onc.2010.14. PMID 20154717.
  10. ↑ Simons, JP; Al-Shawi, R; Minogue, S; Waugh, MG; Wiedemann, C; Evangelou, S; Loesch, A; Sihra, TS; King, R; Warner, TT; Hsuan, JJ (14 July 2009). "Loss of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase 2alpha activity causes late onset degeneration of spinal cord axons". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (28): 11535–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0903011106. PMC 2710652. PMID 19581584.
  11. ↑ Jović, M; Kean, MJ; Szentpetery, Z; Polevoy, G; Gingras, AC; Brill, JA; Balla, T (April 2012). "Two phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases control lysosomal delivery of the Gaucher disease enzyme, β-glucocerebrosidase". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 23 (8): 1533–45. doi:10.1091/mbc.E11-06-0553. PMC 3327330. PMID 22337770.
  12. ↑ Wu, B; Kitagawa, K; Zhang, NY; Liu, B; Inagaki, C (December 2004). "Pathophysiological concentrations of amyloid beta proteins directly inhibit rat brain and recombinant human type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity". Journal of Neurochemistry. 91 (5): 1164–70. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02805.x. PMID 15569259.
  13. ↑ Mössinger, Julia; Wieffer, Marnix; Krause, Eberhard; Freund, Christian; Gerth, Fabian; Krauss, Michael; Haucke, Volker (13 November 2012). "Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIα function at endosomes is regulated by the ubiquitin ligase Itch". EMBO Reports. 13 (12): 1087–1094. doi:10.1038/embor.2012.164. PMC 3512407. PMID 23146885.
  14. ↑ Craige, B.; Salazar, G.; Faundez, V. (1 April 2008). "Phosphatidylinositol-4-Kinase Type II Alpha Contains an AP-3-sorting Motif and a Kinase Domain That Are Both Required for Endosome Traffic". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 19 (4): 1415–1426. doi:10.1091/mbc.E07-12-1239. PMC 2291421. PMID 18256276.
  15. ↑ Barylko, B; Wlodarski, P; Binns, DD; Gerber, SH; Earnest, S; Sudhof, TC; Grichine, N; Albanesi, JP (15 November 2002). "Analysis of the catalytic domain of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type II". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (46): 44366–75. doi:10.1074/jbc.m203241200. PMID 12215430.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Baumlova, A.; Chalupska, D.; Rozycki, B.; Jovic, M.; Wisniewski, E.; Klima, M.; Dubankova, A.; Kloer, D. P.; Nencka, R.; Balla, T.; Boura, E. (28 August 2014). "The crystal structure of the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase II". EMBO Reports. 15 (10): 1085–1092. doi:10.15252/embr.201438841. PMC 4253849. PMID 25168678.
  17. ↑ Zhou, Qiangjun; Li, Jiangmei; Yu, Hang; Zhai, Yujia; Gao, Zhen; Liu, Yanxin; Pang, Xiaoyun; Zhang, Lunfeng; Schulten, Klaus; Sun, Fei; Chen, Chang (28 March 2014). "Molecular insights into the membrane-associated phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIα". Nature Communications. 5: 3552. doi:10.1038/ncomms4552. PMC 3974213. PMID 24675427.

Further reading


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