Oxybutynin (oral)
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kiran Singh, M.D. [2]
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Overview
Oxybutynin (oral) is an anticholinergic agent that is FDA approved for the treatment of overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and frequency and detrusor overactivity. Common adverse reactions include dry mouth, constipation, diarrhea, headache, somnolence, and dizziness..
Adult Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)
Indications
- DITROPAN XL® (oxybutynin chloride) is a muscarinic antagonist indicated for the treatment of overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and frequency.
Dosage
- The recommended starting dose of DITROPAN XL® is 5 or 10 mg once daily at approximately the same time each day. Dosage may be adjusted in 5-mg increments to achieve a balance of efficacy and tolerability (up to a maximum of 30 mg/day). In general, dosage adjustment may proceed at approximately weekly intervals.
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
- DITROPAN XL® extended-release tablets are available as 5, 10 and 15 mg tablets for oral use:
- 5 mg: Pale yellow, round, tablet with "5 XL" printed on one side with black ink.
- 10 mg: Pink, round, tablet with "10 XL" printed on one side with black ink.
- 15 mg: Gray, round, tablet with "15 XL" printed on one side with black ink.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)
Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Oxybutynin (oral) in adult patients.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Oxybutynin (oral) in adult patients.
Pediatric Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)
Indications
- DITROPAN XL® is also indicated for the treatment of pediatric patients aged 6 years and older with symptoms of detrusor overactivity associated with a neurological condition (e.g., spina bifida).
Dosage
- The recommended starting dose of DITROPAN XL® is 5 or 10 mg once daily at approximately the same time each day. Dosage may be adjusted in 5-mg increments to achieve a balance of efficacy and tolerability (up to a maximum of 30 mg/day). In general, dosage adjustment may proceed at approximately weekly intervals.
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
- DITROPAN XL® extended-release tablets are available as 5, 10 and 15 mg tablets for oral use:
- 5 mg: Pale yellow, round, tablet with "5 XL" printed on one side with black ink.
- 10 mg: Pink, round, tablet with "10 XL" printed on one side with black ink.
- 15 mg: Gray, round, tablet with "15 XL" printed on one side with black ink.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)
Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Oxybutynin (oral) in pediatric patients.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Oxybutynin (oral) in pediatric patients.
Contraindications
- DITROPAN XL® is contraindicated in patients with urinary retention, gastric retention and other severe decreased gastrointestinal motility conditions, uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma.
- DITROPAN XL® is also contraindicated in patients who have demonstrated hypersensitivity to the drug substance or other components of the product. There have been reports of hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis and angiodema.
Warnings
Angioedema
- Angioedema of the face, lips, tongue and/or larynx has been reported with oxybutynin. In some cases, angioedema occurred after the first dose. Angioedema associated with upper airway swelling may be life-threatening. If involvement of the tongue, hypopharynx, or larynx occurs, oxybutynin should be promptly discontinued and appropriate therapy and/or measures necessary to ensure a patent airway should be promptly provided.
Central Nervous System Effects
- Oxybutynin is associated with anticholinergic central nervous system (CNS) effects. A variety of CNS anticholinergic effects have been reported, including hallucinations, agitation, confusion and somnolence. Patients should be monitored for signs of anticholinergic CNS effects, particularly in the first few months after beginning treatment or increasing the dose. Advise patients not to drive or operate heavy machinery until they know how DITROPAN XL® affects them. If a patient experiences anticholinergic CNS effects, dose reduction or drug discontinuation should be considered.
- DITROPAN XL® should be used with caution in patients with preexisting dementia treated with cholinesterase inhibitors due to the risk of aggravation of symptoms.
- DITROPAN XL® should be used with caution in patients with Parkinson's disease due to the risk of aggravation of symptoms.
Worsening of Symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis
- DITROPAN XL® should be used with caution in patients with myasthenia gravis due to the risk of aggravation of symptoms.
Worsening of Symptoms of Decreased Gastrointestinal Motility in Patients with Autonomic Neuropathy
- DITROPAN XL® should be used with caution in patients with autonomic neuropathy due to the risk of aggravation of symptoms of decreased gastrointestinal motility.
Urinary Retention
- DITROPAN XL® should be administered with caution to patients with clinically significant bladder outflow obstruction because of the risk of urinary retention.
Gastrointestinal Adverse Reactions
- DITROPAN XL® should be administered with caution to patients with gastrointestinal obstructive disorders because of the risk of gastric retention.
- DITROPAN XL®, like other anticholinergic drugs, may decrease gastrointestinal motility and should be used with caution in patients with conditions such as ulcerative colitis and intestinal atony.
- DITROPAN XL® should be used with caution in patients who have gastroesophageal reflux and/or who are concurrently taking drugs (such as bisphosphonates) that can cause or exacerbate esophagitis.
- As with any other nondeformable material, caution should be used when administering DITROPAN XL® to patients with preexisting severe gastrointestinal narrowing (pathologic or iatrogenic). There have been rare reports of obstructive symptoms in patients with known strictures in association with the ingestion of other drugs in nondeformable controlled-release formulations.
Adverse Reactions
Clinical Trials Experience
- Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, the adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.
- The safety and efficacy of DITROPAN XL® (5 to 30 mg/day) was evaluated in 774 adult subjects who participated in five double-blind, controlled clinical trials. In four of the five studies, Ditropan IR (5 to 20 mg/day in 199 subjects) was an active comparator. Adverse reactions reported by ≥ 1% of subjects are shown in Table 1.
- The discontinuation rate due to adverse reactions was 4.4% with DITROPAN XL® compared to 0% with Ditropan IR. The most frequent adverse reaction causing discontinuation of study medication was dry mouth (0.7%).
- The following adverse reactions were reported by <1% of DITROPAN XL®-treated patients and at a higher incidence than placebo in clinical trials:
- Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders: anorexia, fluid retention;
- Vascular disorders: hot flush;
- Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: dysphonia;
- Gastrointestinal Disorders: dysphagia, frequent bowel movements;
- General disorders and administration site conditions: chest discomfort, thirst.
Postmarketing Experience
- The following additional adverse reactions have been reported from worldwide postmarketing experience with DITROPAN XL®. Because postmarketing reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
- Psychiatric Disorders: psychotic disorder, agitation, hallucinations, memory impairment;
- Nervous System Disorders: convulsions;
- Eye Disorders: glaucoma;
- Cardiac Disorders: arrhythmia, tachycardia, QT interval prolongation;
- Vascular Disorders: flushing
- Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: rash
- Renal and Urinary Disorders: impotence
- General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: hypersensitivity reactions, including angioedema with airway obstruction, urticaria, and face edema; anaphylactic reactions requiring hospitalization for emergency treatment; Injury, poisoning and procedural complications: fall.
- Additional adverse events reported with some other oxybutynin chloride formulations include: cycloplegia, mydriasis, and suppression of lactation.
Drug Interactions
- The concomitant use of oxybutynin with other anticholinergic drugs or with other agents which produce dry mouth, constipation, somnolence (drowsiness), and/or other anticholinergic-like effects may increase the frequency and/or severity of such effects.
- Anticholinergic agents may potentially alter the absorption of some concomitantly administered drugs due to anticholinergic effects on gastrointestinal motility. This may be of concern for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index. Anticholinergic agents may also antagonize the effects of prokinetic agents, such as metoclopramide.
- Mean oxybutynin chloride plasma concentrations were approximately 2 fold higher when DITROPAN XL® was administered with ketoconazole, a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor. Other inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme system, such as antimycotic agents (e.g., itraconazole and miconazole) or macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin and clarithromycin), may alter oxybutynin mean pharmacokinetic parameters (i.e., Cmax and AUC). The clinical relevance of such potential interactions is not known. Caution should be used when such drugs are co-administered.
Use in Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category (FDA): Pregnancy Category B. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies using DITROPAN XL® in pregnant women. DITROPAN XL® should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit to the patient outweighs the risk to the patient and fetus. Women who become pregnant during DITROPAN XL® treatment are encouraged to contact their physician.
Risk Summary
- Based on animal data, oxybutynin is predicted to have a low probability of increasing the risk of adverse developmental effects above background risk.
Animal Data
- Reproduction studies with oxybutynin chloride in the mouse, rat, hamster, and rabbit showed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the animal fetus.
Pregnancy Category (AUS):
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Oxybutynin (oral) in women who are pregnant.
Labor and Delivery
There is no FDA guidance on use of Oxybutynin (oral) during labor and delivery.
Nursing Mothers
- It is not known whether oxybutynin is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when DITROPAN XL® is administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric Use
- The safety and efficacy of DITROPAN XL® were studied in 60 children in a 24-week, open-label, non-randomized trial. Patients were aged 6–15 years, all had symptoms of detrusor overactivity in association with a neurological condition (e.g., spina bifida), all used clean intermittent catheterization, and all were current users of oxybutynin chloride. Study results demonstrated that administration of DITROPAN XL® 5 to 20 mg/day was associated with an increase from baseline in mean urine volume per catheterization from 108 mL to 136 mL, an increase from baseline in mean urine volume after morning awakening from 148 mL to 189 mL, and an increase from baseline in the mean percentage of catheterizations without a leaking episode from 34% to 51%.
- Urodynamic results were consistent with clinical results. Administration of DITROPAN XL® resulted in an increase from baseline in mean maximum cystometric capacity from 185 mL to 254 mL, a decrease from baseline in mean detrusor pressure at maximum cystometric capacity from 44 cm H2O to 33 cm H2O, and a reduction in the percentage of patients demonstrating uninhibited detrusor contractions (of at least 15 cm H2O) from 60% to 28%.
- The pharmacokinetics of DITROPAN XL® in these patients were consistent with those reported for adults.
- DITROPAN XL® is not recommended in pediatric patients who cannot swallow the tablet whole without chewing, dividing, or crushing, or in children under the age of 6.
Geriatic Use
- The rate and severity of anticholinergic effects reported by patients less than 65 years old and those 65 years and older were similar. The pharmacokinetics of DITROPAN XL® were similar in all patients studied (up to 78 years of age).
Gender
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Oxybutynin (oral) with respect to specific gender populations.
Race
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Oxybutynin (oral) with respect to specific racial populations.
Renal Impairment
- There were no studies conducted with DITROPAN XL® in patients with renal impairment.
Hepatic Impairment
- There were no studies conducted with DITROPAN XL® in patients with hepatic impairment.
Females of Reproductive Potential and Males
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Oxybutynin (oral) in women of reproductive potentials and males.
Immunocompromised Patients
There is no FDA guidance one the use of Oxybutynin (oral) in patients who are immunocompromised.
Administration and Monitoring
Administration
- Oral
Monitoring
There is limited information regarding Monitoring of Oxybutynin (oral) in the drug label.
IV Compatibility
There is limited information regarding IV Compatibility of Oxybutynin (oral) in the drug label.
Overdosage
- The continuous release of oxybutynin from DITROPAN XL® should be considered in the treatment of overdosage. Patients should be monitored for at least 24 hours. Treatment should be symptomatic and supportive. Activated charcoal as well as a cathartic may be administered.
- Overdosage with oxybutynin chloride has been associated with anticholinergic effects including central nervous system excitation, flushing, fever, dehydration, cardiac arrhythmia, vomiting, and urinary retention.
- Ingestion of 100 mg oxybutynin chloride in association with alcohol has been reported in a 13-year-old boy who experienced memory loss, and a 34-year-old woman who developed stupor, followed by disorientation and agitation on awakening, dilated pupils, dry skin, cardiac arrhythmia, and retention of urine. Both patients fully recovered with symptomatic treatment.
Pharmacology
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Oxybutynin (oral)
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 4-Diethylaminobut-2-ynyl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethanoate | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| ATC code | G04 |
| PubChem | |
| DrugBank | |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | Template:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox |
| Mol. mass | 357.486 g/mol |
| SMILES | & |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | ? |
| Protein binding | 91%-93% |
| Metabolism | ? |
| Half life | 12.4-13.2 hours |
| Excretion | ? |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. | |
| Legal status | |
| Routes | oral, transdermal gel, transdermal patch |
Mechanism of Action
- Oxybutynin relaxes bladder smooth muscle. Oxybutynin chloride exerts a direct antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle and inhibits the muscarinic action of acetylcholine on smooth muscle. No blocking effects occur at skeletal neuromuscular junctions or autonomic ganglia (antinicotinic effects).
- Antimuscarinic activity resides predominantly in the R-isomer. A metabolite, desethyloxybutynin, has pharmacological activity similar to that of oxybutynin in in vitro studies.
Structure
- DITROPAN XL® (oxybutynin chloride) is an antispasmodic, muscarinic antagonist. Each DITROPAN XL® extended-release tablet contains 5 mg, 10 mg, or 15 mg of oxybutynin chloride USP, formulated as a once-a-day controlled-release tablet for oral administration. Oxybutynin chloride is administered as a racemate of R- and S-enantiomers.
- Chemically, oxybutynin chloride is d,l (racemic) 4-diethylamino-2-butynyl phenylcyclohexylglycolate hydrochloride. The empirical formula of oxybutynin chloride is C22H31NO3•HCl.
- Its structural formula is:
- Oxybutynin chloride is a white crystalline solid with a molecular weight of 393.9. It is readily soluble in water and acids, but relatively insoluble in alkalis.
- DITROPAN XL® also contains the following inert ingredients: butylated hydroxytoluene, cellulose acetate, hypromellose, lactose, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polysorbate 80, propylene glycol, sodium chloride, synthetic iron oxides and titanium dioxide.
System Components and Performance
- DITROPAN XL® uses osmotic pressure to deliver oxybutynin chloride at a controlled rate over approximately 24 hours. The system, which resembles a conventional tablet in appearance, comprises an osmotically active bilayer core surrounded by a semipermeable membrane. The bilayer core is composed of a drug layer containing the drug and excipients, and a push layer containing osmotically active components. There is a precision-laser drilled orifice in the semipermeable membrane on the drug-layer side of the tablet. In an aqueous environment, such as the gastrointestinal tract, water permeates through the membrane into the tablet core, causing the drug to go into suspension and the push layer to expand. This expansion pushes the suspended drug out through the orifice. The semipermeable membrane controls the rate at which water permeates into the tablet core, which in turn controls the rate of drug delivery. The controlled rate of drug delivery into the gastrointestinal lumen is thus independent of pH or gastrointestinal motility. The function of DITROPAN XL® depends on the existence of an osmotic gradient between the contents of the bilayer core and the fluid in the gastrointestinal tract. Since the osmotic gradient remains constant, drug delivery remains essentially constant. The biologically inert components of the tablet remain intact during gastrointestinal transit and are eliminated in the feces as an insoluble shell.
Pharmacodynamics
- In patients with conditions characterized by involuntary bladder contractions, cystometric studies have demonstrated that oxybutynin increases bladder (vesical) capacity, diminishes the frequency of uninhibited contractions of the detrusor muscle, and delays the initial desire to void.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
- Following the first dose of DITROPAN XL®, oxybutynin plasma concentrations rise for 4 to 6 hours; thereafter steady concentrations are maintained for up to 24 hours, minimizing fluctuations between peak and trough concentrations associated with oxybutynin.
- The relative bioavailabilities of R- and S-oxybutynin from DITROPAN XL® are 156% and 187%, respectively, compared with oxybutynin. The mean pharmacokinetic parameters for R- and S-oxybutynin are summarized in Table 2. The plasma concentration-time profiles for R- and S-oxybutynin are similar in shape; Figure 1 shows the profile for R-oxybutynin.
- Steady state oxybutynin plasma concentrations are achieved by Day 3 of repeated DITROPAN XL® dosing, with no observed drug accumulation or change in oxybutynin and desethyloxybutynin pharmacokinetic parameters.
- DITROPAN XL® steady state pharmacokinetics were studied in 19 children aged 5–15 years with detrusor overactivity associated with a neurological condition (e.g., spina bifida). The children were on DITROPAN XL® total daily dose ranging from 5 to 20 mg (0.10 to 0.77 mg/kg). Sparse sampling technique was used to obtain serum samples. When all available data are normalized to an equivalent of 5 mg per day of DITROPAN XL®, the mean pharmacokinetic parameters derived for R- and S-oxybutynin and R- and S-desethyloxybutynin are summarized in Table 3. The plasma-time concentration profiles for R- and S-oxybutynin are similar in shape; Figure 2 shows the profile for R-oxybutynin when all available data are normalized to an equivalent of 5 mg per day.
Food Effects
- The rate and extent of absorption and metabolism of oxybutynin are similar under fed and fasted conditions.
Distribution
- Oxybutynin is widely distributed in body tissues following systemic absorption. The volume of distribution is 193 L after intravenous administration of 5 mg oxybutynin chloride. Both enantiomers of oxybutynin are highly bound (>99%) to plasma proteins. Both enantiomers of N-desethyloxybutynin are also highly bound (>97%) to plasma proteins. The major binding protein is alpha-1 acid glycoprotein.
Metabolism
- Oxybutynin is metabolized primarily by the cytochrome P450 enzyme systems, particularly CYP3A4 found mostly in the liver and gut wall. Its metabolic products include phenylcyclohexylglycolic acid, which is pharmacologically inactive, and desethyloxybutynin, which is pharmacologically active. Following DITROPAN XL® administration, plasma concentrations of R- and S-desethyloxybutynin are 73% and 92%, respectively, of concentrations observed with oxybutynin.
Excretion
- Oxybutynin is extensively metabolized by the liver, with less than 0.1% of the administered dose excreted unchanged in the urine. Also, less than 0.1% of the administered dose is excreted as the metabolite desethyloxybutynin.
Dose Proportionality
- Pharmacokinetic parameters of oxybutynin and desethyloxybutynin (Cmax and AUC) following administration of 5–20 mg of DITROPAN XL® are dose proportional.
Use in Specific Populations
Pediatric
- The pharmacokinetics of DITROPAN XL® were evaluated in 19 children aged 5–15 years with detrusor overactivity associated with a neurological condition (e.g., spina bifida). The pharmacokinetics of DITROPAN XL® in these pediatric patients were consistent with those reported for adults (see TABLES 2 and 3, and FIGURES 1 and 2 above).
Gender
- There are no significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin in healthy male and female volunteers following administration of DITROPAN XL®.
Race
- Available data suggest that there are no significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin based on race in healthy volunteers following administration of DITROPAN XL®.
Nonclinical Toxicology
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
- A 24-month study in rats at dosages of oxybutynin chloride of 20, 80, and 160 mg/kg/day showed no evidence of carcinogenicity. These doses are approximately 6, 25, and 50 times the maximum human exposure, based on a human equivalent dose taking into account normalization of body surface area.
- Oxybutynin chloride showed no increase of mutagenic activity when tested in Schizosaccharomyces pompholiciformis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Salmonella typhimurium test systems.
- Reproduction studies with oxybutynin chloride in the mouse, rat, hamster, and rabbit showed no evidence of impaired fertility.
Clinical Studies
- DITROPAN XL® was evaluated for the treatment of patients with overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and frequency in three controlled efficacy studies. The majority of patients were Caucasian (89.0%) and female (91.9%) with a mean age of 59 years (range, 18 to 98 years). Entry criteria required that patients have urge or mixed incontinence (with a predominance of urge) as evidenced by ≥ 6 urge incontinence episodes per week and ≥ 10 micturitions per day. Study 1 was a fixed-dose escalation design, whereas the other two studies used a dose-adjustment design in which each patient's final dose was adjusted to a balance between improvement of incontinence symptoms and tolerability of side effects. All three studies included patients known to be responsive to oxybutynin or other anticholinergic medications, and these patients were maintained on a final dose for up to 2 weeks.
- The efficacy results for the three controlled trials are presented in the following tables and figures.
How Supplied
- DITROPAN XL® extended-release tablets are available in three dosage strengths, 5 mg (pale yellow), 10 mg (pink), and 15 mg (gray) and are imprinted on one side with "5 XL", "10 XL", or "15 XL" with black ink. DITROPAN XL® extended-release tablets are supplied in bottles of 100 tablets.
Storage
Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15–30°C (59–86°F). Protect from moisture and humidity.
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Patient Counseling Information
- Patients should be informed that oxybutynin may produce angioedema that could result in life threatening airway obstruction. Patients should be advised to promptly discontinue oxybutynin therapy and seek immediate medical attention if they experience swelling of the tongue, edema of the laryngopharynx, or difficulty breathing.
- Patients should be informed that anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) agents such as DITROPAN XL®, may produce clinically significant adverse reactions related to anticholinergic activity such as:
- Urinary retention and constipation
- Heat prostration due to decreased sweating. Heat prostration can occur when anticholinergic medicines are administered in the presence of high environmental temperature.
- Patients should be informed that anticholinergic medicines such as DITROPAN XL® may produce drowsiness (somnolence), dizziness or blurred vision. Patients should be advised to exercise caution in decisions to engage in potentially dangerous activities until DITROPAN XL® effects have been determined.
- Patients should be informed that alcohol may enhance the drowsiness caused by anticholinergic agents such as DITROPAN XL®.
- Patients should be informed that DITROPAN XL® should be swallowed whole with the aid of liquids. Patients should not chew, divide, or crush tablets. The medication is contained within a nonabsorbable shell designed to release the drug at a controlled rate. The tablet shell is eliminated from the body; patients should not be concerned if they occasionally notice in their stool something that looks like a tablet.
- DITROPAN XL® should be taken at approximately the same time each day.
Precautions with Alcohol
Alcohol-Oxybutynin (oral) interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
Brand Names
- DITROPAN XL®[1]
Look-Alike Drug Names
There is limited information regarding Oxybutynin (oral) Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.
Drug Shortage Status
Price
References
The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.