Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vamsikrishna Gunnam M.B.B.S [2] Parth Vikram Singh, MBBS[3]
Overview
The most potent risk factor in the development of NAFLD is obesity. Other risk factors include insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.
Risk Factors
Risk factors in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease include:[1][2][3][4]
- Viral hepatitis
- Rapid weight loss
- Malnutrition
- Hypertriglyceridemia
- Low HDL cholesterol
- Sleep apnea
- Hypothyroidism
- Abdominal overweight or Obesity
- Hypopituitarism
- Prediabetes or Diabetes mellitus type 2
- Insulin resistance
- Hypertension
- PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome)
- Older age
- Male sex
- Postmenopausal status
- PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 genetic variants
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Smoking
- High intake of fructose, especially from sugar-sweetened beverages
- High-calorie diets rich in saturated fats, sugars, and processed foods
- Alcohol intake above MASLD thresholds
- Medications like tamoxifen, corticosteriods, methotrexate
Cardiometabolic risk factors used in the classification of MASLD include body mass index of 25 or greater, or 23 or greater in Asian individuals; waist circumference of 80 cm or greater in women and 94 cm or greater in men; fasting glucose level of 5.6 mmol/L or greater, 2-hour postload glucose level of 7.8 mmol/L or greater, hemoglobin A1c level of 5.7% or greater, established type 2 diabetes, or use of glucose-lowering medication; blood pressure of 130/85 mm Hg or greater or use of antihypertensive medication; plasma triglyceride level of 1.70 mmol/L or greater or use of triglyceride-lowering medication; and low HDL cholesterol.
References
- ↑ Streba LA, Vere CC, Rogoveanu I, Streba CT (2015). "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic risk factors, and hepatocellular carcinoma: an open question". World J Gastroenterol. 21 (14): 4103–10. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i14.4103. PMC 4394070. PMID 25892859.
- ↑ He S, Bao W, Shao M, Wang W, Wang C, Sun J; et al. (2011). "Risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a Chinese population". Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 74 (4): 503–8. PMID 22319959.
- ↑ Streba LA, Vere CC, Rogoveanu I, Streba CT (2015). "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic risk factors, and hepatocellular carcinoma: an open question". World J. Gastroenterol. 21 (14): 4103–10. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i14.4103. PMC 4394070. PMID 25892859.
- ↑ Tilg H, Petta S, Stefan N, Targher G (January 2026). "Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Adults: A Review". JAMA. 335 (2): 163–174. doi:10.1001/jama.2025.19615. PMID 41212550 Check
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