Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MALT1gene.[1][2][3] It's the human paracaspase.
Genetic ablation of the paracaspase gene in mice and biochemical studies have shown that paracaspase is a crucial protein for T and B lymphocytes activation. It has an important role in the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, in the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and in T and B lymphocytes proliferation[4][5] Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene.[6]
In addition, a role for paracaspase has been shown in the innate immune response mediated by the zymosan receptor Dectin-1 in macrophages and dendritic cells, and in response to the stimulation of certain G protein-coupled receptors.[7]
Sequence analysis proposes that paracaspase has an N-terminal death domain, two central immunoglobulin-like domains involved in the binding to the B-cell lymphoma 10 (Bcl10) protein and a caspase-like domain.
Paracaspase has been shown to have proteolytic activity through its caspase-like domain in T lymphocytes. Cysteine 464 and histidine 414 are crucial for this activity. Like metacaspases, the paracaspase cleaves substrates after an arginine residue. To date, several paracaspase substrates have been described (see below). Bcl10 is cut after arginine 228. This removes the last five amino acids at the C-terminus and is crucial for T cell adhesion to fibronectin, but not for NF-κB activation and IL-2 production. However, using a peptide-based inhibitor (z-VRPR-fmk) of the paracaspase proteolytic activity, it has been shown that this activity is required for a sustain NF-κB activation and IL-2 production, suggesting that paracaspase may have others substrates involved in T cell-mediated NF-κB activation.[8]A20, a deubiquitinase, has been shown to be cut by paracaspase in Human and in mouse. Cells expressing an uncleavable A20 mutant is however still capable to activate NF-κB, but cells expressing the C-terminal or the N-terminal A20 cleavage products activates more NF-κB than cells expressing wild-type A20, indicating that cleavage of A20 leads to its inactivation. Since A20 has been described has an inhibitor of NF-κB, this suggests that paracaspase-mediated A20 cleavage in T lymphocytes is necessary for a proper NF-κB activation.[9]
By targeting paracaspase proteolytic activity, it might be possible to develop new drugs that might be useful for the treatment of certain lymphomas or autoimmune disorders.
MALT1 (PCASP1) is part of the paracaspase family and shows proteolytic activity. Since many of the substrates are involved in regulation of inflammatory responses, the protease activity of MALT1 has emerged as an interesting therapeutic target. Currently known protease substrates are:
↑Dierlamm J, Baens M, Wlodarska I, Stefanova-Ouzounova M, Hernandez JM, Hossfeld DK, De Wolf-Peeters C, Hagemeijer A, Van den Berghe H, Marynen P (June 1999). "The apoptosis inhibitor gene API2 and a novel 18q gene, MLT, are recurrently rearranged in the t(11;18)(q21;q21) associated with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas". Blood. 93 (11): 3601–9. PMID10339464.
↑Hosaka S, Akamatsu T, Nakamura S, Kaneko T, Kitano K, Kiyosawa K, Ota H, Hosaka N, Miyabayashi H, Katsuyama T (July 1999). "Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the rectum with chromosomal translocation of the t(11;18)(q21;q21) and an additional aberration of trisomy 3". Am J Gastroenterol. 94 (7): 1951–4. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01237.x. PMID10406266.
↑Akagi T, Motegi M, Tamura A, Suzuki R, Hosokawa Y, Suzuki H, Ota H, Nakamura S, Morishima Y, Taniwaki M, Seto M (November 1999). "A novel gene, MALT1 at 18q21, is involved in t(11;18) (q21;q21) found in low-grade B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue". Oncogene. 18 (42): 5785–94. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203018. PMID10523859.
↑Ruefli-Brasse AA, French DM, Dixit VM (2003). "Regulation of NF-kappaB-dependent lymphocyte activation and development by paracaspase". Science. 302: 1581–4. doi:10.1126/science.1090769. PMID14576442.
↑Ruland J, Duncan GS, Wakeham A, Mak TW (2003). "Differential requirement for Malt1 in T and B cell antigen receptor signaling". Immunity. 19 (5): 749–58. doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(03)00293-0. PMID14614861.
↑Wegener E, Krappmann D (2007). "CARD-Bcl10-Malt1 signalosomes: missing link to NF-kappaB". Sci STKE. 2007 (384): pe21. doi:10.1126/stke.3842007pe21. PMID17473310.
↑ 8.08.1Rebeaud F, Hailfinger S, Posevitz-Fejfar A, Tapernoux M, Moser R, Rueda D, Gaide O, Guzzardi M, Iancu EM, Rufer N, Fasel N, Thome M (2008). "The proteolytic activity of the paracaspase MALT1 is key in T cell activation". Nature Immunology. 9 (3): 272–81. doi:10.1038/ni1568. PMID18264101.
↑ 9.09.1Coornaert B, Baens M, Heyninck K, Bekaert T, Haegman M, Staal J, Sun L, Chen ZJ, Marynen P, Beyaert R (2008). "T cell antigen receptor stimulation induces MALT1 paracaspase-mediated cleavage of the NF-kappaB inhibitor A20". Nature Immunology. 9 (3): 263–71. doi:10.1038/ni1561. PMID18223652.
↑Uren AG, O'Rourke K, Aravind LA, Pisabarro MT, Seshagiri S, Koonin EV, Dixit VM (October 2000). "Identification of paracaspases and metacaspases: two ancient families of caspase-like proteins, one of which plays a key role in MALT lymphoma". Mol. Cell. 6 (4): 961–7. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(05)00086-9. PMID11090634.
↑Uehata T, Iwasaki H, Vandenbon A, Matsushita K, Hernandez-Cuellar E, Kuniyoshi K, Satoh T, Mino T, Suzuki Y, Standley DM, Tsujimura T, Rakugi H, Isaka Y, Takeuchi O, Akira S (2013). "Malt1-induced cleavage of regnase-1 in CD4(+) helper T cells regulates immune activation". Cell. 153 (5): 1036–49. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.034. PMID23706741.
↑Jeltsch KM, Hu D, Brenner S, Zöller J, Heinz GA, Nagel D, Vogel KU, Rehage N, Warth SC, Edelmann SL, Gloury R, Martin N, Lohs C, Lech M, Stehklein JE, Geerlof A, Kremmer E, Weber A, Anders HJ, Schmitz I, Schmidt-Supprian M, Fu M, Holtmann H, Krappmann D, Ruland J, Kallies A, Heikenwalder M, Heissmeyer V (2014). "Cleavage of roquin and regnase-1 by the paracaspase MALT1 releases their cooperatively repressed targets to promote T(H)17 differentiation". Nat Immunol. 15 (11): 1079–89. doi:10.1038/ni.3008. PMID25282160.
↑Elton L, Carpentier I, Staal J, Driege Y, Haegman M, Beyaert R (2015). "MALT1 cleaves the E3 ubiquitin ligase HOIL-1 in activated T cells, generating a dominant negative inhibitor of LUBAC-induced NF-κB signaling". FEBS J. 283: 403–12. doi:10.1111/febs.13597. PMID26573773.
↑Nie Z, Du MQ, McAllister-Lucas LM, Lucas PC, Bailey NG, Hogaboam CM, Lim MS, Elenitoba-Johnson KS (2015). "Conversion of the LIMA1 tumour suppressor into an oncogenic LMO-like protein by API2-MALT1 in MALT lymphoma". Nat. Commun. 6 (5908). doi:10.1038/ncomms6908. PMID25569716.
Further reading
Bertoni F, Cavalli F, Cotter FE, Zucca E (2003). "Genetic alterations underlying the pathogenesis of MALT lymphoma". Hematol. J. 3 (1): 10–3. doi:10.1038/sj.thj.6200146. PMID11960389.
