Cavernous sinus thrombosis history and symptoms

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]

Overview

Patients with cavernous sinus thrombosis may have a positive history of: Neoplasms, facial infections, sinusitis, otitis media, dental infections, sepsis, factor V Leiden mutation , Prothrombin G20210A mutation, antithrombin III deficiency, protein C or S deficiency, increased factor VIII, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, hyperhomocysteinemia, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, pregnancy, obesity, dehydration, autoimmune disease, uncontrolled diabetes, steroid use, chemotherapy, oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy and inflammatory bowel diseases. The symptoms of cavernous sinus thrombosis may vary depend on the anatomical structures involved. The most common symptoms of cavernous sinus thrombosis include: Severe holocranial and bifrontal headache whit increasing severity, fever, Proptosis, Chemosis, external ophthalmoplegia, periorbital swelling and redness in one or both eyes. Other symptoms of cavernous sinus thrombosis include: Drooping eyelids, Decreased visual acuity, Vision loss or double vision, Inability to move the eye, periorbital sensory loss, pain or numbness around the face or eyes, fatigue, Seizures and Lethargy.

History and Symptoms

History

Patients with cavernous sinus thrombosis may have a positive history of:

Neoplasms^[1]
Infections:^[2]
- Facial infections
- Sinusitis
- Otitis media
- Dental infections
- Sepsis
Thrombophilic genetic disorders such as:
- Factor V Leiden mutation^[3]
- Prothrombin G20210A mutation^[4]
- Antithrombin III deficiency^[5]
- Protein C or S deficiency^[6]
- Increased factor VIII^[7]
Acquired thrombophilic disorders such as:
Pregnancy^[11]
Obesity^[12]
Dehydration^[13]
Autoimmune disease^[14]
Uncontrolled diabetes^[15]
Steroid use^[16]
Chemotherapy^[17]
Oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy^[18]
Inflammatory bowel diseases^[19]

Symptoms

The symptoms of cavernous sinus thrombosis may vary depend on the anatomical structures involved.^[20]

The most common symptoms of cavernous sinus thrombosis include:
- Severe holocranial and bifrontal headache whit increasing severity^[20]^[21]^[22]
- Fever^[20]^[21]^[22]
- Proptosis^[20]
- Chemosis^[20]
- External ophthalmoplegia^[20]^[22]
- Periorbital swelling and redness in one or both eyes^[20]^[22]

Other symptoms of cavernous sinus thrombosis include:
- Drooping eyelids^[20]^[22]
- Decreased visual acuity^[20]^[22]
- Vision loss or double vision^[22]
- Inability to move the eye^[22]
- Periorbital sensory loss^[20]
- Pain or numbness around the face or eyes^[20]
- Fatigue^[20]
- Seizures^[23]
- Lethargy^[20]

References

↑ Hickey WF, Garnick MB, Henderson IC, Dawson DM (1982). "Primary cerebral venous thrombosis in patients with cancer--a rarely diagnosed paraneoplastic syndrome. Report of three cases and review of the literature". Am J Med. 73 (5): 740–50. PMID 6753578.
↑ Aggarwal K, Rastogi S, Joshi A, Kumar A, Chaurasia A, Prakash R (2017). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis following dental extraction: a rare case report and forgotten entity". J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 43 (5): 351–355. doi:10.5125/jkaoms.2017.43.5.351. PMC 5685866. PMID 29142871.
↑ Zuber M, Toulon P, Marnet L, Mas JL (1996). "Factor V Leiden mutation in cerebral venous thrombosis". Stroke. 27 (10): 1721–3. PMID 8841317.
↑ Attia TH, Fawzi HA, Desouki IS (2015). "Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in heterozygous prothrombin G20210A mutation in Egyptian child, with an excellent outcome". Oxf Med Case Reports. 2015 (5): 284–7. doi:10.1093/omcr/omv035. PMC 4434574. PMID 26019885.
↑ Kumaravelu S, Gupta A, Singh KK (2008). "Cerebral Venous Thrombosis". Med J Armed Forces India. 64 (4): 355–60. doi:10.1016/S0377-1237(08)80021-4. PMC 5035253. PMID 27688576.
↑ Ali N, Ayyub M, Khan SA (2014). "High prevalence of protein C, protein S, antithrombin deficiency, and Factor V Leiden mutation as a cause of hereditary thrombophilia in patients of venous thromboembolism and cerebrovascular accident". Pak J Med Sci. 30 (6): 1323–6. doi:10.12669/pjms.306.5878. PMC 4320724. PMID 25674132.
↑ Bucurescu S (2014). "Recurrent cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in a patient with increased factor VIII activity, increased lipoprotein (a) level and leukocytosis: a case report". J Vasc Interv Neurol. 7 (1): 8–10. PMC 4051910. PMID 24920982.
↑ Rudich DS, Yun SH, Liebling A, Silbert JE, Moeckel GW, Lesser RL (2015). "Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome: Raised Intracranial Pressure Without Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis". J Neuroophthalmol. 35 (4): 396–9. doi:10.1097/WNO.0000000000000277. PMID 26049680.
↑ Shen HC, Lo YK, Li JY, Lai PH (2007). "Familial hyperhomocysteinemia-related cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a case report". Acta Neurol Taiwan. 16 (2): 98–101. PMID 17685134.
↑ Gleichgerrcht E, Lim MY, Turan TN (2017). "Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Due to Low-molecular-weight Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia". Neurologist. 22 (6): 241–244. doi:10.1097/NRL.0000000000000146. PMID 29095327.
↑ López F, Santamarta E, Martínez P, Sáiz-Ayala A, Llorente JL (2017). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis during pregnancy". Auris Nasus Larynx. 44 (2): 232–236. doi:10.1016/j.anl.2016.04.006. PMID 27146007.
↑ Zuurbier SM, Arnold M, Middeldorp S, Broeg-Morvay A, Silvis SM, Heldner MR; et al. (2016). "Risk of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in Obese Women". JAMA Neurol. 73 (5): 579–84. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.0001. PMID 26974867.
↑ Kawahara I, Toyoda K, Hirose M, Kitagawa N (2018). "[Rapid Recanalization of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Secondary to Severe Dehydration:A Case Report]". No Shinkei Geka. 46 (1): 47–52. doi:10.11477/mf.1436203674. PMID 29362285.
↑ Ichord R (2017). "Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis". Front Pediatr. 5: 163. doi:10.3389/fped.2017.00163. PMC 5529336. PMID 28798906.
↑ RUSSELL A, FEARING SJ (1955). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis in a diabetic; report of a case". Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 8 (4): 372–7. PMID 14370762.
↑ Weerasinghe D, Lueck CJ (2016). "Septic Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: Case Report and Review of the Literature". Neuroophthalmology. 40 (6): 263–276. doi:10.1080/01658107.2016.1230138. PMC 5120738. PMID 27928417.
↑ Sasidharan PK (2012). "Cerebral vein thrombosis misdiagnosed and mismanaged". Thrombosis. 2012: 210676. doi:10.1155/2012/210676. PMC 3337512. PMID 22567255.
↑ Yadegari S, Ghorbani A, Miri SR, Abdollahi M, Rostami M (2016). "Clinical features, risk factors, and outcome of cerebral venous thrombosis in Tehran, Iran". J Neurosci Rural Pract. 7 (4): 554–558. doi:10.4103/0976-3147.185512. PMC 5006468. PMID 27695236.
↑ Selvitop O, Poretti A, Huisman TA, Wagner MW (2015). "Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in a child with Crohn's disease, otitis media, and meningitis". Neuroradiol J. 28 (3): 274–7. doi:10.1177/1971400915589688. PMC 4757291. PMID 26246095.
↑ ^20.00 ^20.01 ^20.02 ^20.03 ^20.04 ^20.05 ^20.06 ^20.07 ^20.08 ^20.09 ^20.10 ^20.11 ^20.12 Yeo GS, Kim HY, Kim H, Kwak EJ, Jung YS, Park HS; et al. (2014). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis caused by a dental infection: a case report". J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 40 (4): 195–8. doi:10.5125/jkaoms.2014.40.4.195. PMC 4170663. PMID 25247150.
↑ ^21.0 ^21.1 Botta R, Donirpathi S, Yadav R, Kulkarni GB, Kumar MV, Nagaraja D (2017). "Headache Patterns in Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis". J Neurosci Rural Pract. 8 (Suppl 1): S72–S77. doi:10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_339_16. PMC 5602266. PMID 28936075.
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 ^22.3 ^22.4 ^22.5 ^22.6 ^22.7 Mallick A, Pathak SD, Shankar S, Sati A (2015). "Early cavernous sinus thrombosis following unilateral pansinusitis in a child". BMJ Case Rep. 2015. doi:10.1136/bcr-2014-208441. PMC 4422932. PMID 25917067.
↑ Sha DJ, Qian J, Gu SS, Wang LN, Wang F, Xu Y (2018). "Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis complicated by seizures: a retrospective analysis of 69 cases". J Thromb Thrombolysis. 45 (1): 186–191. doi:10.1007/s11239-017-1570-5. PMC 5756278. PMID 29039017.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid6753578-1] Hickey WF, Garnick MB, Henderson IC, Dawson DM (1982). "Primary cerebral venous thrombosis in patients with cancer--a rarely diagnosed paraneoplastic syndrome. Report of three cases and review of the literature". Am J Med. 73 (5): 740–50. PMID 6753578.

[pmid29142871-2] Aggarwal K, Rastogi S, Joshi A, Kumar A, Chaurasia A, Prakash R (2017). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis following dental extraction: a rare case report and forgotten entity". J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 43 (5): 351–355. doi:10.5125/jkaoms.2017.43.5.351. PMC 5685866. PMID 29142871.

[pmid8841317-3] Zuber M, Toulon P, Marnet L, Mas JL (1996). "Factor V Leiden mutation in cerebral venous thrombosis". Stroke. 27 (10): 1721–3. PMID 8841317.

[pmid26019885-4] Attia TH, Fawzi HA, Desouki IS (2015). "Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in heterozygous prothrombin G20210A mutation in Egyptian child, with an excellent outcome". Oxf Med Case Reports. 2015 (5): 284–7. doi:10.1093/omcr/omv035. PMC 4434574. PMID 26019885.

[pmid27688576-5] Kumaravelu S, Gupta A, Singh KK (2008). "Cerebral Venous Thrombosis". Med J Armed Forces India. 64 (4): 355–60. doi:10.1016/S0377-1237(08)80021-4. PMC 5035253. PMID 27688576.

[pmid25674132-6] Ali N, Ayyub M, Khan SA (2014). "High prevalence of protein C, protein S, antithrombin deficiency, and Factor V Leiden mutation as a cause of hereditary thrombophilia in patients of venous thromboembolism and cerebrovascular accident". Pak J Med Sci. 30 (6): 1323–6. doi:10.12669/pjms.306.5878. PMC 4320724. PMID 25674132.

[pmid24920982-7] Bucurescu S (2014). "Recurrent cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in a patient with increased factor VIII activity, increased lipoprotein (a) level and leukocytosis: a case report". J Vasc Interv Neurol. 7 (1): 8–10. PMC 4051910. PMID 24920982.

[pmid26049680-8] Rudich DS, Yun SH, Liebling A, Silbert JE, Moeckel GW, Lesser RL (2015). "Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome: Raised Intracranial Pressure Without Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis". J Neuroophthalmol. 35 (4): 396–9. doi:10.1097/WNO.0000000000000277. PMID 26049680.

[pmid17685134-9] Shen HC, Lo YK, Li JY, Lai PH (2007). "Familial hyperhomocysteinemia-related cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a case report". Acta Neurol Taiwan. 16 (2): 98–101. PMID 17685134.

[pmid29095327-10] Gleichgerrcht E, Lim MY, Turan TN (2017). "Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Due to Low-molecular-weight Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia". Neurologist. 22 (6): 241–244. doi:10.1097/NRL.0000000000000146. PMID 29095327.

[pmid27146007-11] López F, Santamarta E, Martínez P, Sáiz-Ayala A, Llorente JL (2017). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis during pregnancy". Auris Nasus Larynx. 44 (2): 232–236. doi:10.1016/j.anl.2016.04.006. PMID 27146007.

[pmid26974867-12] Zuurbier SM, Arnold M, Middeldorp S, Broeg-Morvay A, Silvis SM, Heldner MR; et al. (2016). "Risk of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in Obese Women". JAMA Neurol. 73 (5): 579–84. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.0001. PMID 26974867.

[pmid29362285-13] Kawahara I, Toyoda K, Hirose M, Kitagawa N (2018). "[Rapid Recanalization of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Secondary to Severe Dehydration:A Case Report]". No Shinkei Geka. 46 (1): 47–52. doi:10.11477/mf.1436203674. PMID 29362285.

[pmid28798906-14] Ichord R (2017). "Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis". Front Pediatr. 5: 163. doi:10.3389/fped.2017.00163. PMC 5529336. PMID 28798906.

[pmid14370762-15] RUSSELL A, FEARING SJ (1955). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis in a diabetic; report of a case". Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 8 (4): 372–7. PMID 14370762.

[pmid27928417-16] Weerasinghe D, Lueck CJ (2016). "Septic Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: Case Report and Review of the Literature". Neuroophthalmology. 40 (6): 263–276. doi:10.1080/01658107.2016.1230138. PMC 5120738. PMID 27928417.

[pmid22567255-17] Sasidharan PK (2012). "Cerebral vein thrombosis misdiagnosed and mismanaged". Thrombosis. 2012: 210676. doi:10.1155/2012/210676. PMC 3337512. PMID 22567255.

[pmid27695236-18] Yadegari S, Ghorbani A, Miri SR, Abdollahi M, Rostami M (2016). "Clinical features, risk factors, and outcome of cerebral venous thrombosis in Tehran, Iran". J Neurosci Rural Pract. 7 (4): 554–558. doi:10.4103/0976-3147.185512. PMC 5006468. PMID 27695236.

[pmid26246095-19] Selvitop O, Poretti A, Huisman TA, Wagner MW (2015). "Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in a child with Crohn's disease, otitis media, and meningitis". Neuroradiol J. 28 (3): 274–7. doi:10.1177/1971400915589688. PMC 4757291. PMID 26246095.

[pmid25247150-20] 20.00 ^20.01 ^20.02 ^20.03 ^20.04 ^20.05 ^20.06 ^20.07 ^20.08 ^20.09 ^20.10 ^20.11 ^20.12 Yeo GS, Kim HY, Kim H, Kwak EJ, Jung YS, Park HS; et al. (2014). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis caused by a dental infection: a case report". J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 40 (4): 195–8. doi:10.5125/jkaoms.2014.40.4.195. PMC 4170663. PMID 25247150.

[pmid28936075-21] 21.0 ^21.1 Botta R, Donirpathi S, Yadav R, Kulkarni GB, Kumar MV, Nagaraja D (2017). "Headache Patterns in Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis". J Neurosci Rural Pract. 8 (Suppl 1): S72–S77. doi:10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_339_16. PMC 5602266. PMID 28936075.

[pmid25917067-22] 22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 ^22.3 ^22.4 ^22.5 ^22.6 ^22.7 Mallick A, Pathak SD, Shankar S, Sati A (2015). "Early cavernous sinus thrombosis following unilateral pansinusitis in a child". BMJ Case Rep. 2015. doi:10.1136/bcr-2014-208441. PMC 4422932. PMID 25917067.

[pmid29039017-23] Sha DJ, Qian J, Gu SS, Wang LN, Wang F, Xu Y (2018). "Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis complicated by seizures: a retrospective analysis of 69 cases". J Thromb Thrombolysis. 45 (1): 186–191. doi:10.1007/s11239-017-1570-5. PMC 5756278. PMID 29039017.

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