Thalassemia natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
The complications of thalassemia are largely related to iron overload from repeated transfusions. Iron deposition can occur in various organs. | The complications of thalassemia are largely related to iron overload from repeated transfusions. Iron deposition can occur in various organs. | ||
*'''Cardiac failure''': Infiltrative cardiomyopathy can occur with repeated transfusions from thalassemia. This usually manifests as diastolic dysfunction. There are two phenotypes for cardiac failure: the dilated phenotype which consists of left ventricular dilatation and impaired contractility, and the restrictive phenotype which consists of restrictive left ventricular filling along with [[pulmonary hypertension]] and [[right heart failure]]. Signs and symptoms of iron overload in the heart include shortness of breath, chest pain, decreased exercise tolerate, edema, elevated [[jugular venous pressure]], [[crackles]], and occasionally abdominal distension. The diagnosis of cardiac iron overload typically involves obtaining an echocardiogram (to assess for [[diastolic]] and [[systolic]] dysfunction). Echocardiogram can show a sparkled appearance of the involved chambers (from iron deposits) and sometimes a decreased ejection fraction). EKG typically shows low-voltage QRS complexes, due to the impaired electrical conduction through a disease heart containing significant iron. MRI with T2 star sequences can be of great benefit, as this particularly assess for iron deposition in the heart.<ref name="pmid23475638">{{cite journal| author=Taher AT, Viprakasit V, Musallam KM, Cappellini MD| title=Treating iron overload in patients with non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia. | journal=Am J Hematol | year= 2013 | volume= 88 | issue= 5 | pages= 409-15 | pmid=23475638 | doi=10.1002/ajh.23405 | pmc=3652024 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23475638 }} </ref> Laboratory workup that can assist with diagnosis includes measurement of troponin and nt-proBNP.<ref name="pmid23475638">{{cite journal| author=Taher AT, Viprakasit V, Musallam KM, Cappellini MD| title=Treating iron overload in patients with non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia. | journal=Am J Hematol | year= 2013 | volume= 88 | issue= 5 | pages= 409-15 | pmid=23475638 | doi=10.1002/ajh.23405 | pmc=3652024 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23475638 }} </ref> Treatment of iron deposition in the heart involves use of [[beta-blockers]], [[ACE inhibitors]], [[inotropes]] (which improve systolic dysfunction), and [[lusitropes]] (which improve diastolic dysfunction). | *'''Cardiac failure''': Infiltrative cardiomyopathy can occur with iron overload from repeated transfusions from thalassemia. This usually manifests as diastolic dysfunction. There are two phenotypes for cardiac failure: the dilated phenotype which consists of left ventricular dilatation and impaired contractility, and the restrictive phenotype which consists of restrictive left ventricular filling along with [[pulmonary hypertension]] and [[right heart failure]]. Signs and symptoms of iron overload in the heart include shortness of breath, chest pain, decreased exercise tolerate, edema, elevated [[jugular venous pressure]], [[crackles]], and occasionally abdominal distension. The diagnosis of cardiac iron overload typically involves obtaining an echocardiogram (to assess for [[diastolic]] and [[systolic]] dysfunction). Echocardiogram can show a sparkled appearance of the involved chambers (from iron deposits) and sometimes a decreased ejection fraction). EKG typically shows low-voltage QRS complexes, due to the impaired electrical conduction through a disease heart containing significant iron. MRI with T2 star sequences can be of great benefit, as this particularly assess for iron deposition in the heart.<ref name="pmid23475638">{{cite journal| author=Taher AT, Viprakasit V, Musallam KM, Cappellini MD| title=Treating iron overload in patients with non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia. | journal=Am J Hematol | year= 2013 | volume= 88 | issue= 5 | pages= 409-15 | pmid=23475638 | doi=10.1002/ajh.23405 | pmc=3652024 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23475638 }} </ref> Laboratory workup that can assist with diagnosis includes measurement of troponin and nt-proBNP.<ref name="pmid23475638">{{cite journal| author=Taher AT, Viprakasit V, Musallam KM, Cappellini MD| title=Treating iron overload in patients with non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia. | journal=Am J Hematol | year= 2013 | volume= 88 | issue= 5 | pages= 409-15 | pmid=23475638 | doi=10.1002/ajh.23405 | pmc=3652024 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23475638 }} </ref> Treatment of iron deposition in the heart involves use of [[beta-blockers]], [[ACE inhibitors]], [[inotropes]] (which improve systolic dysfunction), and [[lusitropes]] (which improve diastolic dysfunction). | ||
*'''[[Thyroiditis]]''': Infiltrative thyroiditis can occur with iron overload from repeated transfusions from thalassemia. Signs and symptoms of iron overload in the thyroid gland include fatigue, cold intolerance, coarse hair, constipation, weight gain, palpable thyroid (goiter), decreased deep-tendon reflexes. Iron deposition in the thyroid can be assessed via thyroid ultrasound and measurement of [[thyroid-stimulating hormone]] ([[TSH]]) and [[free thyroxine]] ([[t4]]) levels. Treatment of iron deposition in the thyroid involves thyroid hormone replacement, typically with levothyroxine 1.7 mcg/kg/day.<ref name="pmid23475638">{{cite journal| author=Taher AT, Viprakasit V, Musallam KM, Cappellini MD| title=Treating iron overload in patients with non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia. | journal=Am J Hematol | year= 2013 | volume= 88 | issue= 5 | pages= 409-15 | pmid=23475638 | doi=10.1002/ajh.23405 | pmc=3652024 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23475638 }} </ref> | *'''[[Thyroiditis]]''': Infiltrative thyroiditis can occur with iron overload from repeated transfusions from thalassemia. Signs and symptoms of iron overload in the thyroid gland include fatigue, cold intolerance, coarse hair, constipation, weight gain, palpable thyroid (goiter), decreased deep-tendon reflexes. Iron deposition in the thyroid can be assessed via thyroid ultrasound and measurement of [[thyroid-stimulating hormone]] ([[TSH]]) and [[free thyroxine]] ([[t4]]) levels. Treatment of iron deposition in the thyroid involves thyroid hormone replacement, typically with levothyroxine 1.7 mcg/kg/day.<ref name="pmid23475638">{{cite journal| author=Taher AT, Viprakasit V, Musallam KM, Cappellini MD| title=Treating iron overload in patients with non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia. | journal=Am J Hematol | year= 2013 | volume= 88 | issue= 5 | pages= 409-15 | pmid=23475638 | doi=10.1002/ajh.23405 | pmc=3652024 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23475638 }} </ref> | ||
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*'''[[Pancreatic insufficiency]]''': Infiltrative pancreatitis can occur with iron overload from repeated transfusions from thalassemia. Iron deposition in the pancreas causes both exocrine and endocrine dysfunction. Exocrine dysfunction involves inability of the pancreas to release digestive enzymes, and endocrine dysfunction involves the inability of the pancreas to release insulin and glucagon. Signs and symptoms include hyperglycemia (which can lead to [[diabetes]]), diarrhea, [[steatorrhea]], weight loss. Diagnostic workup involves [[CT]] or [[ultrasound]] of the pancreas, measurement of lipase, measurement of amylase, and measurement of insulin and glucagon levels. Therapy involves replacement of pancreatic enzymes and hormones. The treatment regimen can consist of a complex combination of enzymes and hormones which sometimes requires close monitoring by an endocrinologist. | *'''[[Pancreatic insufficiency]]''': Infiltrative pancreatitis can occur with iron overload from repeated transfusions from thalassemia. Iron deposition in the pancreas causes both exocrine and endocrine dysfunction. Exocrine dysfunction involves inability of the pancreas to release digestive enzymes, and endocrine dysfunction involves the inability of the pancreas to release insulin and glucagon. Signs and symptoms include hyperglycemia (which can lead to [[diabetes]]), diarrhea, [[steatorrhea]], weight loss. Diagnostic workup involves [[CT]] or [[ultrasound]] of the pancreas, measurement of lipase, measurement of amylase, and measurement of insulin and glucagon levels. Therapy involves replacement of pancreatic enzymes and hormones. The treatment regimen can consist of a complex combination of enzymes and hormones which sometimes requires close monitoring by an endocrinologist. | ||
*'''[[Hyperpigmentation]]''': Infiltrative dermatitis can occur with iron overload from repeated transfusions from thalassemia. Signs and symptoms include bronze discoloration of the skin, or hyperpigmentation. A skin biopsy can be done to confirm iron deposition in the skin, but this is not typically needed. There is no particular treatment for this, aside from iron chelation. | |||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Shyam Patel [2]
Overview
Natural History
Complications
The complications of thalassemia are largely related to iron overload from repeated transfusions. Iron deposition can occur in various organs.
- Cardiac failure: Infiltrative cardiomyopathy can occur with iron overload from repeated transfusions from thalassemia. This usually manifests as diastolic dysfunction. There are two phenotypes for cardiac failure: the dilated phenotype which consists of left ventricular dilatation and impaired contractility, and the restrictive phenotype which consists of restrictive left ventricular filling along with pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure. Signs and symptoms of iron overload in the heart include shortness of breath, chest pain, decreased exercise tolerate, edema, elevated jugular venous pressure, crackles, and occasionally abdominal distension. The diagnosis of cardiac iron overload typically involves obtaining an echocardiogram (to assess for diastolic and systolic dysfunction). Echocardiogram can show a sparkled appearance of the involved chambers (from iron deposits) and sometimes a decreased ejection fraction). EKG typically shows low-voltage QRS complexes, due to the impaired electrical conduction through a disease heart containing significant iron. MRI with T2 star sequences can be of great benefit, as this particularly assess for iron deposition in the heart.[1] Laboratory workup that can assist with diagnosis includes measurement of troponin and nt-proBNP.[1] Treatment of iron deposition in the heart involves use of beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, inotropes (which improve systolic dysfunction), and lusitropes (which improve diastolic dysfunction).
- Thyroiditis: Infiltrative thyroiditis can occur with iron overload from repeated transfusions from thalassemia. Signs and symptoms of iron overload in the thyroid gland include fatigue, cold intolerance, coarse hair, constipation, weight gain, palpable thyroid (goiter), decreased deep-tendon reflexes. Iron deposition in the thyroid can be assessed via thyroid ultrasound and measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (t4) levels. Treatment of iron deposition in the thyroid involves thyroid hormone replacement, typically with levothyroxine 1.7 mcg/kg/day.[1]
- Hepatic failure: Infiltrative hepatitis can occur with iron overload from repeated transfusions from thalassemia. Signs and symptoms include right upper quadrant pain, jaundice, dark urine, clay-colored stools, nausea, and tender hepatomegaly. Diagnostic considerations include liver ultrasound, CT of the abdomen, MRI of the abdomen, assessment of liver function tests (total bilirubin, AST, ALT, albumin, alkaline phosphatase. Treatment of iron overload in the liver involves consideration of liver transplant and diuretics.[1]
- Pancreatic insufficiency: Infiltrative pancreatitis can occur with iron overload from repeated transfusions from thalassemia. Iron deposition in the pancreas causes both exocrine and endocrine dysfunction. Exocrine dysfunction involves inability of the pancreas to release digestive enzymes, and endocrine dysfunction involves the inability of the pancreas to release insulin and glucagon. Signs and symptoms include hyperglycemia (which can lead to diabetes), diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss. Diagnostic workup involves CT or ultrasound of the pancreas, measurement of lipase, measurement of amylase, and measurement of insulin and glucagon levels. Therapy involves replacement of pancreatic enzymes and hormones. The treatment regimen can consist of a complex combination of enzymes and hormones which sometimes requires close monitoring by an endocrinologist.
- Hyperpigmentation: Infiltrative dermatitis can occur with iron overload from repeated transfusions from thalassemia. Signs and symptoms include bronze discoloration of the skin, or hyperpigmentation. A skin biopsy can be done to confirm iron deposition in the skin, but this is not typically needed. There is no particular treatment for this, aside from iron chelation.