Systemic lupus erythematosus historical perspective: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
The word "lupus" means wolf in Latin, as the destructive injuries the disease causes, bring to mind the bites of this animal. The history of lupus erythematosus can be divided into three periods: the classical, neoclassical, and modern.
The word "[[Systemic lupus erythematosus|lupus]]" means wolf in Latin, as the destructive injuries SLE causes brought to mind wolf bites. The history of [[lupus erythematosus]] can be divided into three periods: classical, neoclassical, and modern. The classical period mostly refers to ancient history, when there was no exact definition of the [[disease]]. During the neoclassical [[lupus]] era, scientists investigated the manifestations of lupus and worked to define the disease's action. Modern history is mostly focused on a [[Microscopic|microscopical]] understanding of the [[disease]] and [[pathogenesis]] of [[SLE]].
== Discovery ==
== Discovery ==
The word "lupus" means wolf in Latin, as the destructive injuries the disease caused brought to mind the bites of this animal. The history of lupus erythematosus can be divided into three periods: the classical, neoclassical, and modern.<ref name="pmid6348430">{{cite journal |vauthors=Blotzer JW |title=Systemic lupus erythematosus I: historical aspects |journal=Md State Med J |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=439–41 |year=1983 |pmid=6348430 |doi= |url=}}</ref> The classical history mostly refer to the ancient history, when there was no exact definition of the disease and its facts. During the neoclassical lupus era, scientists were investigating to find out the manifestations of lupus and tried to define the disease action. Modern history is mostly focused on the microscopical understanding of the disease and [[pathogenesis]] of [[SLE]].
The word "[[Systemic lupus erythematosus|lupus]]" means wolf in Latin, as the destructive injuries SLE causes brought to mind wolf bites. The history of [[lupus erythematosus]] can be divided into three periods: classical, neoclassical, and modern.<ref name="pmid63484303">{{cite journal |vauthors=Blotzer JW |title=Systemic lupus erythematosus I: historical aspects |journal=Md State Med J |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=439–41 |year=1983 |pmid=6348430 |doi= |url=}}</ref> The classical period mostly refers to ancient history, when there was no exact definition of the [[disease]]. During the neoclassical [[lupus]] era, scientists investigated the manifestations of lupus and worked to define the disease's action. Modern history is mostly focused on a [[Microscopic|microscopical]] understanding of the [[disease]] and [[pathogenesis]] of [[SLE]].


=== Classical History ===
=== Classical History ===
* In ancient times it was believed that lupus patients could turn into wolfs especially during the exposure to sunlight, which later was found to be due to lupus photo-sensitivity.<ref name="pmid7020464">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holubar K |title=Terminology and iconography of lupus erythematosus. A historical vignette |journal=Am J Dermatopathol |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=239–42 |year=1980 |pmid=7020464 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* In ancient times, it was believed that lupus patients could turn into wolves, especially when exposed to sunlight. This false belief was later found to be related to lupus [[photosensitivity]].<ref name="pmid7020464">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holubar K |title=Terminology and iconography of lupus erythematosus. A historical vignette |journal=Am J Dermatopathol |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=239–42 |year=1980 |pmid=7020464 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Hippocrates was the first who used the phrase "herpes esthiomenos", which was a definition for lupus lesions and thus Hippocrates is considered the first to have described cutaneous ulceration of the disease.<ref name="pmid23008531">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karrar A, Ai-Dalaan A |title=Systemic lupus erythematosus for general practitioners: a literature review |journal=J Family Community Med |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=19–29 |year=1994 |pmid=23008531 |pmc=3437177 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3041483">{{cite journal |vauthors=Smith CD, Cyr M |title=The history of lupus erythematosus. From Hippocrates to Osler |journal=Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |year=1988 |pmid=3041483 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Hippocrates was the first to use the phrase "herpes esthiomenos," which was a definition for [[lupus]] [[lesions]]. Thus, Hippocrates is considered the first to have described cutaneous [[ulceration]] of the [[disease]].<ref name="pmid23008531">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karrar A, Ai-Dalaan A |title=Systemic lupus erythematosus for general practitioners: a literature review |journal=J Family Community Med |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=19–29 |year=1994 |pmid=23008531 |pmc=3437177 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3041483">{{cite journal |vauthors=Smith CD, Cyr M |title=The history of lupus erythematosus. From Hippocrates to Osler |journal=Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |year=1988 |pmid=3041483 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


=== Neoclassical History ===
=== Neoclassical History ===
* In 1230 A.D., Rogerius Frugardi was the first to describe erosive facial lesions and used the term lupus for the first time scientifically.<ref name="pmid23008531" />
* In 1230 A.D., Rogerius Frugardi was the first to describe erosive facial [[Lesion|lesions]] and used the term "[[lupus]]" for the first time scientifically.<ref name="pmid23008531" />
* In 1530 A.D., Giovanni Manardi (1530 ad) used the same pattern of [[ulceration]] to describe the lower extremity lesions and called it lupus as well.
* In 1530 A.D., Giovanni Manardi used the same pattern of [[ulceration]] to describe lower extremity [[Lesion|lesions]] and also called it [[lupus]].
* In late 18th century, Robert Willan, a British [[dermatologist]], was the first to describe the destructive lesions of the face and nose under the heading of lupus. Lupus willani which is the cutaneous [[tuberculosis]] or lupus vulgaris is named after him.
* In the late 18th century, Robert Willan, a British [[dermatologist]], was the first to describe the destructive [[Lesion|lesions]] of the face and nose under the heading of [[lupus]]. Lupus willani, which is cutaneous [[tuberculosis]] or [[lupus vulgaris]], is named after him.
* In 1845, Ferdinand von Hebra described an aggressive skin lesion with tissue destructive characteristics. Later in 1866, Ferdinand von Hebra used the "butterfly" to describe what is known as [[malar rash]]. He named the condition initially as seborrhea congestiva.<ref name="pmid781465">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arnett FC, Shulman LE |title=Studies in familial systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=313–22 |year=1976 |pmid=781465 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* In 1833, Laurent Theodore Biett was the first one to describe lupus erythematosus, although he called it "erythema centrifugum." Later, his student Pierre Louis Alphee Cazenave published his work.<ref name="pmid19826244">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scofield RH, Oates J |title=The place of William Osler in the description of systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Am. J. Med. Sci. |volume=338 |issue=5 |pages=409–12 |year=2009 |pmid=19826244 |pmc=2783313 |doi=10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181acbd71 |url=}}</ref>
* In 1833, Laurent Theodore Biett was the first one to describe lupus erythematosus, although he called it erythema centrifugum. Later his student, Pierre Louis Alphee Cazenave, published Biett's work.<ref name="pmid19826244">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scofield RH, Oates J |title=The place of William Osler in the description of systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Am. J. Med. Sci. |volume=338 |issue=5 |pages=409–12 |year=2009 |pmid=19826244 |pmc=2783313 |doi=10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181acbd71 |url=}}</ref>
* In 1845, Ferdinand von Hebra described an aggressive skin [[lesion]] with tissue destructive characteristics. Later, in 1866, Ferdinand von Hebra used the term "butterfly" to describe what is known as [[malar rash]]. He initially named the condition "seborrhea congestiva."<ref name="pmid781465">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arnett FC, Shulman LE |title=Studies in familial systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=313–22 |year=1976 |pmid=781465 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* In 1851, Cazenave was the first to complete the description of [[Discoid lupus erythematosus|discoid lupus]]. He called it "lupus erythematosus".
* In 1851, Cazenave was the first to complete the description of [[Discoid lupus erythematosus|discoid lupus]]. He called it "lupus erythematosus."
* In 1872, Kaposi was the first to describe the systemic signs of the disorder including [[arthritis]], [[fever]], [[anemia]], [[lymphadenopathy]], and weight loss.
* In 1872, Kaposi was the first to describe the systemic signs of the disorder, including [[arthritis]], [[fever]], [[anemia]], [[lymphadenopathy]], and [[weight loss]].
* Kaposi and Cazenave were the first ones who clearly distinguished lupus erythematosus from [[lupus vulgaris]] or cutaneous tuberculosis, although both diseases may coexist in some patients.
* Kaposi and Cazenave were the first ones who clearly distinguished lupus erythematosus from [[lupus vulgaris]] or cutaneous [[tuberculosis]], though both diseases coexist in some patients.
* In the late 19th century, Sir William Osler was the first to coin the term systemic lupus erythematosus. He discussed visceral complications of “erythema exsudativum multiforme” include cardiac, pulmonary, and renal problems as well as cutaneous lesions.<ref name="pmid781465" />
* In the late 19th century, Sir William Osler was the first to coin the term "systemic lupus erythematosus." He discussed systemic complications of “erythema exsudativum multiforme,” including [[Heart|cardiac]], [[pulmonary]], and [[renal]] problems as well as [[cutaneous]] [[lesions]].<ref name="pmid781465" />
* In the late 19th century, Jonathan Hutchinson was the first to describe the [[photosensitive]] nature of the [[malar rash]].
* In the late 19th century, Jonathan Hutchinson was the first to describe the [[photosensitive]] nature of [[malar rash]].
* In 1902, Sequira and Balean were the first to describe acroasphyxia, or [[Raynaud's phenomenon|Raynaud phenomenon]], and [[lupus nephritis]].
* In 1902, Sequira and Balean were the first to describe [[Asphyxia|acroasphyxia]], or the [[Raynaud's phenomenon|Raynaud phenomenon]], and [[lupus nephritis]].
* In 1908, Alfred Kraus and Carl Bohac were the first to describe pulmonary involvement in lupus.
* In 1908, Alfred Kraus and Carl Bohac were the first to describe [[pulmonary]] involvement in lupus.
* In 1923, Emanuel Libman and Benjamin Sacks were the first to describe noninfectious [[endocarditis]] due to lupus.<ref name="pmid13486608">{{cite journal |vauthors=MOORE JE, SHULMAN LE, SCOTT JT |title=The natural history of systemic lupus erythematosus: an approach to its study through chronic biologic false positive reactors: interim report |journal=Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. |volume=68 |issue= |pages=59–67; discussion 67–8 |year=1956 |pmid=13486608 |pmc=2248934 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* In 1923, Emanuel Libman and Benjamin Sacks were the first to describe noninfectious [[endocarditis]] due to lupus.<ref name="pmid13486608">{{cite journal |vauthors=MOORE JE, SHULMAN LE, SCOTT JT |title=The natural history of systemic lupus erythematosus: an approach to its study through chronic biologic false positive reactors: interim report |journal=Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. |volume=68 |issue= |pages=59–67; discussion 67–8 |year=1956 |pmid=13486608 |pmc=2248934 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


=== Modern History ===
=== Modern History ===
* In the early 20th century, George Belote and H.S. Ratner were the first to describe endocarditis of Libman-Sacks as a manifestation of the disease even without [[cutaneous]] involvement. They changed the common idea of the necessity of cutaneous involvement for the diagnosis of lupus.
* In the early 20th century, George Belote and H.S. Ratner were the first to describe [[Libman-Sacks endocarditis|endocarditis of Libman-Sacks]] as a manifestation of lupus, even without concurrent [[cutaneous]] involvement. They changed the common idea of the necessity of [[cutaneous]] involvement for the diagnosis of lupus.
* In 1935, Paul Klemperer, George Baehr, and A.D. Pollack were the first to describe wire loop nephritis.
* In 1935, Paul Klemperer, George Baehr, and A.D. Pollack were the first to describe wire loop [[nephritis]].
* In 1959, Leonardt, Arnett, and Schulman were the first to describe the familial aggregation of lupus and concordance in monozygotic twins.  
* In 1959, Leonardt, Arnett, and Schulman were the first to describe the [[familial]] aggregation of lupus and concordance in [[monozygotic twins]].  
* In 1906, Wasserman was the first to describe a complement-fixing [[antibody]] that reacted with extracts from bovine hearts while trying to develop a serologic test for [[syphilis]]. The corresponding [[antigen]], later was identified as [[cardiolipin]].<ref name="pmid13486608" />
* In 1906, Wasserman, while trying to develop a [[Serology|serologic]] test for [[syphilis]], was the first to describe a [[complement]]-fixing [[antibody]] that reacted with extracts from bovine hearts. The corresponding [[antigen]] was later identified as [[cardiolipin]].<ref name="pmid13486608" />
* In 1948, Malcolm Hargraves discovered the lupus erythematosus (LE) cell. He observed two unusual phenomena in several [[bone marrow]] preparations while adding the serum from patients with lupus erythematosus to bone marrow preparations from normal subjects.<ref name="pmid4186059">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hargraves MM |title=Discovery of the LE cell and its morphology |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=44 |issue=9 |pages=579–99 |year=1969 |pmid=4186059 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* In 1948, Malcolm Hargraves discovered the [[lupus erythematosus]] (LE) cell. He observed two unusual phenomena in several [[bone marrow]] preparations while adding [[serum]] from patients with lupus erythematosus to [[bone marrow]] preparations from normal subjects.<ref name="pmid4186059">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hargraves MM |title=Discovery of the LE cell and its morphology |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=44 |issue=9 |pages=579–99 |year=1969 |pmid=4186059 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* In 1954, Miescher and Fauconnet observed that absorption of lupus serum with nuclei prevented its ability to induce the LE cell phenomenon, suggesting that a globulin in the serum was reacting with, or destroying, the nuclei.<ref name="pmid4186059" />  
* In 1954, Miescher and Fauconnet observed that absorption of lupus serum with nuclei prevented its ability to induce the LE cell phenomenon, suggesting that a [[globulin]] in the serum was reacting with, or destroying, the nuclei.<ref name="pmid4186059" />  
* In 1954, researchers at the Cleveland Clinic were the first to describe drug-induced lupus erythematosus with the [[antihypertensive drug]], [[hydralazine]].<ref name="pmid14357321">{{cite journal |vauthors=RUSSELL B |title=The history of lupus vulgaris: its recognition, nature, treatment and prevention |journal=Proc. R. Soc. Med. |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=127–32 |year=1955 |pmid=14357321 |pmc=1919015 |doi= |url=}}</ref>  
* In 1954, researchers at the Cleveland Clinic were the first to describe [[drug-induced lupus erythematosus]], which was induced by the [[antihypertensive drug]] [[hydralazine]].<ref name="pmid14357321">{{cite journal |vauthors=RUSSELL B |title=The history of lupus vulgaris: its recognition, nature, treatment and prevention |journal=Proc. R. Soc. Med. |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=127–32 |year=1955 |pmid=14357321 |pmc=1919015 |doi= |url=}}</ref>  
* in 1958, George Friou discovered that the substance in the serum of patients with lupus erythematosus that reacted to the nuclei of cells was gamma globulin. He also discovered that the target in the nucleus was the complex of DNA and histones. He described the indirect immunoflourescence test to detect [[antinuclear antibodies]]. Autoantibodies like nuclear ribonucleoprotein (nRNP), Smith, Ro, La, and anticardiolipin antibodies were discovered based on his primary work.<ref name="pmid14357321" />  
* in 1958, George Friou discovered that the substance in the serum of patients with lupus erythematosus that reacted to the [[nuclei]] of cells was [[gamma globulin]]. He also discovered that the target in the [[nucleus]] was the complex of [[DNA]] and [[histones]]. He described the [[Immunoflourescence|indirect immunoflourescence]] test to detect [[antinuclear antibodies]]. [[Autoantibodies]] like [[Ribonucleoprotein|nuclear ribonucleoprotein]] (nRNP), Smith, Ro, La, and [[Anti-cardiolipin antibodies|anticardiolipin antibodies]] were discovered based on his primary work.<ref name="pmid14357321" />  
* In 1959, a breakthrough in the understanding of lupus was made by the discovery of a lethal kidney disease in Otago Medical School in New Zealand. It provided many insights of disease mechanisms in immunopathogenesis of [[Autoantibody|auto-antibody]] formation, immunologic tolerance, and the development of [[glomerulonephritis]] in lupus as well. It also led to better evaluation of newer therapeutic agents in lupus erythematosus.<ref name="pmid3041483" />  
* In 1959, the discovery of a lethal [[kidney disease]] in Otago Medical School in New Zealand represented a breakthrough in the understanding of lupus. The discovery provided many insights into disease mechanisms in [[Immunopathology|immunopathogenesis]] of [[Autoantibody|auto-antibody]] formation, [[immunologic tolerance]], and the development of [[glomerulonephritis]] in lupus. The discovery also led to better evaluation of newer therapeutic agents in [[Systemic lupus erythematosus|lupus erythematosus]].<ref name="pmid3041483" />  
* In 1971, the first classification criteria was established.  
* In 1971, the first classification criteria for lupus was established.  
* In 1982, the criteria were revised by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) to incorporate new advances in serologic testing (ANA and anti-dsDNA) and improved biostatistical techniques.<ref name="pmid3041483" /><ref name="pmid13486608" />  
* In 1982, the criteria were revised by the [[American College of Rheumatology]] (ACR) to incorporate new advances in [[Serological testing|serologic testing]] ([[ANA]] and anti-[[DsDNA virus|dsDNA]]) and improved biostatistical techniques.<ref name="pmid3041483" /><ref name="pmid13486608" />  
* In 2012, the Systemic Lupus Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) revised and validated the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) SLE classification criteria in order to improve clinical relevance, meet stringent methodology requirements, and incorporate new knowledge in SLE immunology.<ref name="pmid3041483" />  
* In 2012, the Systemic Lupus Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) revised and validated the [[American College of Rheumatology]] (ACR) SLE classification criteria in order to improve clinical relevance, meet stringent methodology requirements, and incorporate new knowledge in SLE [[immunology]].<ref name="pmid3041483" />
 
==Famous cases==
* Michael Jackson, had both SLE and [[vitiligo]]; diagnosed in 1986, and confirmed by his dermatologist, Arnold Klein, who presented legal documents during court depositions.<ref>Jewett-Tennant, Jeri. [http://lupus.about.com/od/celebritieswithlupus/a/CelebJackson.htm Celebrities with Lupus: Michael Jackson]. Updated: August 11, 2008.</ref><ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systemic_lupus_erythematosus&action=edit |title=View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Lady Gaga, has been tested borderline positive for SLE;<ref>''Larry King Live'' interview, CNN, 1 June 2010.</ref> says she hopes to avoid symptoms by maintaining a healthy lifestyle.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nationalledger.com/artman/publish/article_272632132.shtml
|title=Lady Gaga & Lupus&nbsp;— Larry King Interview
|work=National Ledger
|date=June 2, 2010
|accessdate=June 3, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2013/02/13/lady-gaga-cant-walk-postpones-shows/1915879/
|title=Lady Gaga 'can't walk,' postpones shows
|work=USA Today
|date=February 13, 2013
|accessdate=February 13, 2013}}</ref><ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systemic_lupus_erythematosus&action=edit |title=View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Selena Gomez, American actress and singer was diagnosed with lupus.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6721973/selena-gomez-billboard-cover-sneak-peek], billboard.com, accessed 9 October 2015</ref><ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systemic_lupus_erythematosus&action=edit |title=View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Toni Braxton, hospitalized in Los Angeles in December 2012 because of "minor health issues" related to lupus.<ref>{{cite web|title=LUPUS FORCES SINGER TONI BRAXTON INTO LA HOSPITAL|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/lupus-forces-singer-toni-braxton-la-hospital|publisher=AP|accessdate=8 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systemic_lupus_erythematosus&action=edit |title=View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Louisa May Alcott, American author best known for her novel ''Little Women''; has been suggested to have had SLE.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hirschhorn N, Greaves IA |title=Louisa May Alcott: her mysterious illness |journal=Perspect. Biol. Med. |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=243–59 |year=2007 |pmid=17468541 |doi=10.1353/pbm.2007.0019 }}</ref><ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systemic_lupus_erythematosus&action=edit |title=View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Ferdinand Marcos, former Philippine president; died of SLE complications in 1989.<ref>[http://lupus.about.com/od/celebritieswithlupus/a/CelebMarcos.htm Famous Lupus Patient: Ferdinand Marcos]. Updated: August 11, 2008.</ref><ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systemic_lupus_erythematosus&action=edit |title=View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Hugh Gaitskell, British politician; died of SLE complications in 1963 aged 56.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/18/newsid_3376000/3376971.stm 1963: Labour leader Hugh Gaitskell dies]. ''On This Day'', [[BBC News]], 18 January 1963.</ref><ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systemic_lupus_erythematosus&action=edit |title=View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Donald Byrne, American chess player; died from SLE complications in 1976.<ref>Cramer, Gary. [http://www.psu.edu/ur/archives/intercom_2002/Sept26/chess.html Former chess coach named to Hall of Fame]. ''Penn State Intercom'', 26 September 2002.</ref>
* Lauren Shuler Donner, American movie producer was diagnosed with lupus.<ref>Jewett-Tennant, Jeri. [http://lupus.about.com/od/celebritieswithlupus/a/CelebDonner.htm Celebrities with Lupus: Lauren Schuler Donner]. Lupus.About.com. Updated: August 28, 2008.</ref><ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systemic_lupus_erythematosus&action=edit |title=View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Caroline Dorough-Cochran, died of SLE complications. She was the sister of Howie D. of the [[Backstreet Boys]], who founded the Dorough Lupus Foundation in her memory.<ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia" />
* Pumpuang Duangjan, "queen of Thai country music", was diagnosed with lupus.<ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systemic_lupus_erythematosus&action=edit |title=View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Juli Furtado, champion professional mountain biker was diagnosed with lupus.<ref>[https://totalwomenscycling.com/lifestyle/interviews/interview-juli-furtado-mountain-biker-aka-the-queen-8765/ "Interview: Juli Furtado mountain biker, aka ‘The Queen’"], 20th June 2013, Aoife Glass, totalwomenscycling.com</ref><ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systemic_lupus_erythematosus&action=edit |title=View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Sophie Howard, British glamour model was diagnosed with lupus.<ref>[http://www.lupus.org.uk/news-events/celebrity/308-sophie-howard Angie Davidson interviews top glamour model Sophie Howard], Lupus.org.uk, accessed 21 November 2008</ref><ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systemic_lupus_erythematosus&action=edit |title=View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* J Dilla (also known as Jay Dee), hip-hop producer and beat maker; died of SLE complications in 2006.<ref>[http://rap.about.com/od/profiles/p/JaydeeProfile.htm J Dilla/Jay Dee], Rap.About.com. Retrieved February 2, 2009.</ref><ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systemic_lupus_erythematosus&action=edit |title=View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Teddi King, American singer; died of SLE complications in 1977.<ref>[http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=6962 In the Beginning, 1949–1954&nbsp;— Teddi King]. Allaboutjazz.com. Retrieved February 2, 2009.</ref><ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systemic_lupus_erythematosus&action=edit |title=View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Charles Kuralt, former anchor of ''CBS Sunday Morning''; died of SLE complications in 1997.<ref>[http://lupus.about.com/od/celebritieswithlupus/a/CelebKuralt.htm Celebrities with Lupus: Charles Kuralt]. Lupus.About.com. Updated: August 11, 2008.</ref><ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systemic_lupus_erythematosus&action=edit |title=View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Inday Ba (also known as N'Deaye Ba), Swedish-born actress; died from SLE complications at age 32.<ref>[http://www.mailonsunday.co.uk/home/you/article-1064312/Actress-NDeaye-Bas-long-battle-wolf.html A battle with the wolf]. Gardner, Anthony. ''[[Mail on Sunday]]'', October 10, 2008.</ref><ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systemic_lupus_erythematosus&action=edit |title=View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Mary Elizabeth McDonough, American actress; believes her SLE to be due to silicone breast implants.<ref>[http://lupus.about.com/od/celebritieswithlupus/a/LupMaryMcD.htm Celebrities with Lupus: Mary Elizabeth McDonough]. Lupus.About.com. Updated: October 28, 2008.</ref><ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systemic_lupus_erythematosus&action=edit |title=View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Flannery O'Connor, American fiction writer; died of SLE complications in 1964.<ref>[http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-498 Flannery O'Connor (1925–1964)]. ''New Georgia Encyclopedia''. Sarah Gordon, Georgia College and State University. Updated 2008-03-21</ref><ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia" />
* Tim Raines, former major league baseball player was diagnosed with lupus.<ref>Jewett-Tennant, Jeri. [http://lupus.about.com/od/celebritieswithlupus/a/CelebRaines.htm Celebrities with Lupus: Tim Raines]. Lupus.About.com. Updated: August 28, 2008</ref><ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systemic_lupus_erythematosus&action=edit |title=View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Ray Walston, character actor who died of SLE complications in 2001 after a six-year battle with the disease.<ref>Jewett-Tennant, Jeri. [http://lupus.about.com/od/celebritieswithlupus/a/CelebWalston.htm Celebrities with Lupus: Ray Walston]. Lupus.About.com. Updated: August 11, 2008.</ref><ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systemic_lupus_erythematosus&action=edit |title=View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Michael Wayne, Hollywood director and producer; part owner of Batjac Productions; son of John Wayne, died of [[heart failure]] resulting from SLE complications in 2003.<ref>Mclellan, Dennis. [http://articles.latimes.com/2003/apr/04/local/me-wayne4 Michael Wayne, 68; Producer, Guardian of His Father's Legacy]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', April 4, 2003.</ref><ref name="urlView source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systemic_lupus_erythematosus&action=edit |title=View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 23:26, 22 August 2017

Systemic lupus erythematosus Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahshid Mir, M.D. [3]

Overview

The word "lupus" means wolf in Latin, as the destructive injuries SLE causes brought to mind wolf bites. The history of lupus erythematosus can be divided into three periods: classical, neoclassical, and modern. The classical period mostly refers to ancient history, when there was no exact definition of the disease. During the neoclassical lupus era, scientists investigated the manifestations of lupus and worked to define the disease's action. Modern history is mostly focused on a microscopical understanding of the disease and pathogenesis of SLE.

Discovery

The word "lupus" means wolf in Latin, as the destructive injuries SLE causes brought to mind wolf bites. The history of lupus erythematosus can be divided into three periods: classical, neoclassical, and modern.[1] The classical period mostly refers to ancient history, when there was no exact definition of the disease. During the neoclassical lupus era, scientists investigated the manifestations of lupus and worked to define the disease's action. Modern history is mostly focused on a microscopical understanding of the disease and pathogenesis of SLE.

Classical History

  • In ancient times, it was believed that lupus patients could turn into wolves, especially when exposed to sunlight. This false belief was later found to be related to lupus photosensitivity.[2]
  • Hippocrates was the first to use the phrase "herpes esthiomenos," which was a definition for lupus lesions. Thus, Hippocrates is considered the first to have described cutaneous ulceration of the disease.[3][4]

Neoclassical History

  • In 1230 A.D., Rogerius Frugardi was the first to describe erosive facial lesions and used the term "lupus" for the first time scientifically.[3]
  • In 1530 A.D., Giovanni Manardi used the same pattern of ulceration to describe lower extremity lesions and also called it lupus.
  • In the late 18th century, Robert Willan, a British dermatologist, was the first to describe the destructive lesions of the face and nose under the heading of lupus. Lupus willani, which is cutaneous tuberculosis or lupus vulgaris, is named after him.
  • In 1833, Laurent Theodore Biett was the first one to describe lupus erythematosus, although he called it "erythema centrifugum." Later, his student Pierre Louis Alphee Cazenave published his work.[5]
  • In 1845, Ferdinand von Hebra described an aggressive skin lesion with tissue destructive characteristics. Later, in 1866, Ferdinand von Hebra used the term "butterfly" to describe what is known as malar rash. He initially named the condition "seborrhea congestiva."[6]
  • In 1851, Cazenave was the first to complete the description of discoid lupus. He called it "lupus erythematosus."
  • In 1872, Kaposi was the first to describe the systemic signs of the disorder, including arthritis, fever, anemia, lymphadenopathy, and weight loss.
  • Kaposi and Cazenave were the first ones who clearly distinguished lupus erythematosus from lupus vulgaris or cutaneous tuberculosis, though both diseases coexist in some patients.
  • In the late 19th century, Sir William Osler was the first to coin the term "systemic lupus erythematosus." He discussed systemic complications of “erythema exsudativum multiforme,” including cardiac, pulmonary, and renal problems as well as cutaneous lesions.[6]
  • In the late 19th century, Jonathan Hutchinson was the first to describe the photosensitive nature of malar rash.
  • In 1902, Sequira and Balean were the first to describe acroasphyxia, or the Raynaud phenomenon, and lupus nephritis.
  • In 1908, Alfred Kraus and Carl Bohac were the first to describe pulmonary involvement in lupus.
  • In 1923, Emanuel Libman and Benjamin Sacks were the first to describe noninfectious endocarditis due to lupus.[7]

Modern History

Famous cases

  • Michael Jackson, had both SLE and vitiligo; diagnosed in 1986, and confirmed by his dermatologist, Arnold Klein, who presented legal documents during court depositions.[10][11]
  • Lady Gaga, has been tested borderline positive for SLE;[12] says she hopes to avoid symptoms by maintaining a healthy lifestyle.[13][14][11]
  • Selena Gomez, American actress and singer was diagnosed with lupus.[15][11]
  • Toni Braxton, hospitalized in Los Angeles in December 2012 because of "minor health issues" related to lupus.[16][11]
  • Louisa May Alcott, American author best known for her novel Little Women; has been suggested to have had SLE.[17][11]
  • Ferdinand Marcos, former Philippine president; died of SLE complications in 1989.[18][11]
  • Hugh Gaitskell, British politician; died of SLE complications in 1963 aged 56.[19][11]
  • Donald Byrne, American chess player; died from SLE complications in 1976.[20]
  • Lauren Shuler Donner, American movie producer was diagnosed with lupus.[21][11]
  • Caroline Dorough-Cochran, died of SLE complications. She was the sister of Howie D. of the Backstreet Boys, who founded the Dorough Lupus Foundation in her memory.[11]
  • Pumpuang Duangjan, "queen of Thai country music", was diagnosed with lupus.[11]
  • Juli Furtado, champion professional mountain biker was diagnosed with lupus.[22][11]
  • Sophie Howard, British glamour model was diagnosed with lupus.[23][11]
  • J Dilla (also known as Jay Dee), hip-hop producer and beat maker; died of SLE complications in 2006.[24][11]
  • Teddi King, American singer; died of SLE complications in 1977.[25][11]
  • Charles Kuralt, former anchor of CBS Sunday Morning; died of SLE complications in 1997.[26][11]
  • Inday Ba (also known as N'Deaye Ba), Swedish-born actress; died from SLE complications at age 32.[27][11]
  • Mary Elizabeth McDonough, American actress; believes her SLE to be due to silicone breast implants.[28][11]
  • Flannery O'Connor, American fiction writer; died of SLE complications in 1964.[29][11]
  • Tim Raines, former major league baseball player was diagnosed with lupus.[30][11]
  • Ray Walston, character actor who died of SLE complications in 2001 after a six-year battle with the disease.[31][11]
  • Michael Wayne, Hollywood director and producer; part owner of Batjac Productions; son of John Wayne, died of heart failure resulting from SLE complications in 2003.[32][11]

References

  1. ↑ Blotzer JW (1983). "Systemic lupus erythematosus I: historical aspects". Md State Med J. 32 (6): 439–41. PMID 6348430.
  2. ↑ Holubar K (1980). "Terminology and iconography of lupus erythematosus. A historical vignette". Am J Dermatopathol. 2 (3): 239–42. PMID 7020464.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Karrar A, Ai-Dalaan A (1994). "Systemic lupus erythematosus for general practitioners: a literature review". J Family Community Med. 1 (1): 19–29. PMC 3437177. PMID 23008531.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Smith CD, Cyr M (1988). "The history of lupus erythematosus. From Hippocrates to Osler". Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 14 (1): 1–14. PMID 3041483.
  5. ↑ Scofield RH, Oates J (2009). "The place of William Osler in the description of systemic lupus erythematosus". Am. J. Med. Sci. 338 (5): 409–12. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181acbd71. PMC 2783313. PMID 19826244.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Arnett FC, Shulman LE (1976). "Studies in familial systemic lupus erythematosus". Medicine (Baltimore). 55 (4): 313–22. PMID 781465.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 MOORE JE, SHULMAN LE, SCOTT JT (1956). "The natural history of systemic lupus erythematosus: an approach to its study through chronic biologic false positive reactors: interim report". Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 68: 59–67, discussion 67–8. PMC 2248934. PMID 13486608.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hargraves MM (1969). "Discovery of the LE cell and its morphology". Mayo Clin. Proc. 44 (9): 579–99. PMID 4186059.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 RUSSELL B (1955). "The history of lupus vulgaris: its recognition, nature, treatment and prevention". Proc. R. Soc. Med. 48 (2): 127–32. PMC 1919015. PMID 14357321.
  10. ↑ Jewett-Tennant, Jeri. Celebrities with Lupus: Michael Jackson. Updated: August 11, 2008.
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 "View source for Systemic lupus erythematosus - Wikipedia".
  12. ↑ Larry King Live interview, CNN, 1 June 2010.
  13. ↑ "Lady Gaga & Lupus — Larry King Interview". National Ledger. June 2, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  14. ↑ "Lady Gaga 'can't walk,' postpones shows". USA Today. February 13, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  15. ↑ [1], billboard.com, accessed 9 October 2015
  16. ↑ "LUPUS FORCES SINGER TONI BRAXTON INTO LA HOSPITAL". AP. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  17. ↑ Hirschhorn N, Greaves IA (2007). "Louisa May Alcott: her mysterious illness". Perspect. Biol. Med. 50 (2): 243–59. doi:10.1353/pbm.2007.0019. PMID 17468541.
  18. ↑ Famous Lupus Patient: Ferdinand Marcos. Updated: August 11, 2008.
  19. ↑ 1963: Labour leader Hugh Gaitskell dies. On This Day, BBC News, 18 January 1963.
  20. ↑ Cramer, Gary. Former chess coach named to Hall of Fame. Penn State Intercom, 26 September 2002.
  21. ↑ Jewett-Tennant, Jeri. Celebrities with Lupus: Lauren Schuler Donner. Lupus.About.com. Updated: August 28, 2008.
  22. ↑ "Interview: Juli Furtado mountain biker, aka ‘The Queen’", 20th June 2013, Aoife Glass, totalwomenscycling.com
  23. ↑ Angie Davidson interviews top glamour model Sophie Howard, Lupus.org.uk, accessed 21 November 2008
  24. ↑ J Dilla/Jay Dee, Rap.About.com. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
  25. ↑ In the Beginning, 1949–1954 — Teddi King. Allaboutjazz.com. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
  26. ↑ Celebrities with Lupus: Charles Kuralt. Lupus.About.com. Updated: August 11, 2008.
  27. ↑ A battle with the wolf. Gardner, Anthony. Mail on Sunday, October 10, 2008.
  28. ↑ Celebrities with Lupus: Mary Elizabeth McDonough. Lupus.About.com. Updated: October 28, 2008.
  29. ↑ Flannery O'Connor (1925–1964). New Georgia Encyclopedia. Sarah Gordon, Georgia College and State University. Updated 2008-03-21
  30. ↑ Jewett-Tennant, Jeri. Celebrities with Lupus: Tim Raines. Lupus.About.com. Updated: August 28, 2008
  31. ↑ Jewett-Tennant, Jeri. Celebrities with Lupus: Ray Walston. Lupus.About.com. Updated: August 11, 2008.
  32. ↑ Mclellan, Dennis. Michael Wayne, 68; Producer, Guardian of His Father's Legacy. Los Angeles Times, April 4, 2003.

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