Sepsis natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
 
(30 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{| style="float: right;" class="infobox"
| style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" align="center" | [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Sepsis resident survival guide]]
| style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" align="center" | [[Sepsis resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
|}
{{Sepsis}}
{{Sepsis}}
{{CMG}};  '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, M.D.]] [mailto:psingh13579@gmail.com]
{{CMG}};  '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:psingh@perfuse.org]


Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy!  Click  [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]]  to learn about editing.
{{SK}} sepsis syndrome; septic shock; septicemia


==Overview==
==Overview==
There are many complications associated with sepsis, especially because it is a systemic phenomenon. Sepsis is a severe condition, and the prognosis of the patient will depend greatly on the condition and overall health of the patient. Many factors, such as age, hosts immune response, site of [[infection]], type of infection, appropriate [[antibiotic]] therapy, and restoration of circulation of perfusion contribute to the overall prognosis.
There are many complications associated with sepsis, especially because it is a systemic phenomenon. Sepsis is a severe condition, and the prognosis of the patient will depend greatly on the condition and overall health of the patient. Many factors, such as age, hosts immune response, site of [[infection]], type of infection, appropriate [[antibiotic]] therapy, and restoration of circulation of perfusion contribute to the overall prognosis.<ref name="pmid26398704">{{cite journal| author=Kellum JA, Chawla LS, Keener C, Singbartl K, Palevsky PM, Pike FL et al.| title=The Effects of Alternative Resuscitation Strategies on Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Septic Shock. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2016 | volume= 193 | issue= 3 | pages= 281-7 | pmid=26398704 | doi=10.1164/rccm.201505-0995OC | pmc=4803059 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26398704  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25776936">{{cite journal| author=Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Pilcher D, Cooper DJ, Bellomo R| title=Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Criteria in Defining Severe Sepsis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=25776936 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1415236 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25776936  }} </ref>
<ref name="pmid25668750">{{cite journal| author=Capp R, Horton CL, Takhar SS, Ginde AA, Peak DA, Zane R et al.| title=Predictors of Patients Who Present to the Emergency Department With Sepsis and Progress to Septic Shock Between 4 and 48 Hours of Emergency Department Arrival. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2015 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=25668750 | doi=10.1097/CCM.0000000000000861 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25668750  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26901543">{{cite journal| author=Williams JM, Greenslade JH, Chu K, Brown AF, Lipman J| title=Severity Scores in Emergency Department Patients With Presumed Infection: A Prospective Validation Study. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2016 | volume= 44 | issue= 3 | pages= 539-47 | pmid=26901543 | doi=10.1097/CCM.0000000000001427 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26901543  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12626967">{{cite journal |author=Shapiro NI, Wolfe RE, Moore RB, Smith E, Burdick E, Bates DW |title=Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis (MEDS) score: a prospectively derived and validated clinical prediction rule |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=670-5 |year=2003 |pmid=12626967 |doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000054867.01688.D1}}</ref><ref name="pmid26903335">{{cite journal| author=Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, Brunkhorst FM, Rea TD, Scherag A et al.| title=Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). | journal=JAMA | year= 2016 | volume= 315 | issue= 8 | pages= 762-74 | pmid=26903335 | doi=10.1001/jama.2016.0288 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26903335  }} </ref> <ref>GitHub Contributors. Prognosticating in sepsis with decision aids: a living systematic review. GitHub. Available at https://github.com/openMetaAnalysis/Sepsis-prognosticating-with-decision-aids/blob/master/README.md. Accessed January 26, 2017.</ref>
 
==Natural History==
If left untreated sepsis can lead to multiorgan failure and eventually death.


==Complications==
==Complications==
*[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]] (DIC) can be the result of sepsis.
*[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]] (DIC) can be the result of sepsis.
*[[Acute tubular necrosis]] (ATN) leading to [[acute renal failure]], can be the result of [[hypoperfusion]] of the kidneys in sepsis (i.e. not enough blood gets to the kidney and they stop working properly).
*[[Acute tubular necrosis]] (ATN) leading to [[acute renal failure]], can be the result of [[hypoperfusion]] of the kidneys in sepsis (i.e. not enough blood gets to the kidney and they stop working properly). [[Acute kidney injury]] occurs in about 30% of patients and about 5% of patients need [[renal replacement therapy]].<ref name="pmid26398704">{{cite journal| author=Kellum JA, Chawla LS, Keener C, Singbartl K, Palevsky PM, Pike FL et al.| title=The Effects of Alternative Resuscitation Strategies on Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Septic Shock. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2016 | volume= 193 | issue= 3 | pages= 281-7 | pmid=26398704 | doi=10.1164/rccm.201505-0995OC | pmc=4803059 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26398704  }} </ref>
*[[Arrhythmia]] is an abnormal heart rhythm; it can be the result of sepsis.
*[[Arrhythmia]] is an abnormal heart rhythm; it can be the result of sepsis.
*[[Ileus]] or [[ischemic colitis]] can be the result (hypoperfusion) or cause of sepsis.
*[[Ileus]] or [[ischemic colitis]] can be the result (hypoperfusion) or cause of sepsis.
Line 20: Line 28:


==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==
Prognosis can be estimated with the MEDS (Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis) score.<ref name="pmid12626967">{{cite journal |author=Shapiro NI, Wolfe RE, Moore RB, Smith E, Burdick E, Bates DW |title=Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis (MEDS) score: a prospectively derived and validated clinical prediction rule |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=670-5 |year=2003 |pmid=12626967 |doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000054867.01688.D1}}</ref>
 
===MEDS Score Criteria===
The serum lactate level may be more predictive of outcomes than the serum bicarbonate<ref name="pmid15025779">{{cite journal| author=Meregalli A, Oliveira RP, Friedman G| title=Occult hypoperfusion is associated with increased mortality in hemodynamically stable, high-risk, surgical patients. | journal=Crit Care | year= 2004 | volume= 8 | issue= 2 | pages= R60-5 | pmid=15025779 | doi=10.1186/cc2423 | pmc=420024 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15025779  }} </ref>.
*Altered mental status
 
*Lower [[respiratory]] infection
===Mortality===
*[[Granulocytic bands]] > 5% of WBC
Mortality can be estimated with the MEDS (Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis)score. More complicated scores such as the Apache, [[Sequential Organ Failure Assessment]] (SOFA), and Logistic Organ Dysfunction System (LODS) can be used as well.<ref name="pmid26901543">{{cite journal| author=Williams JM, Greenslade JH, Chu K, Brown AF, Lipman J| title=Severity Scores in Emergency Department Patients With Presumed Infection: A Prospective Validation Study. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2016 | volume= 44 | issue= 3 | pages= 539-47 | pmid=26901543 | doi=10.1097/CCM.0000000000001427 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26901543  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12626967">{{cite journal |author=Shapiro NI, Wolfe RE, Moore RB, Smith E, Burdick E, Bates DW |title=Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis (MEDS) score: a prospectively derived and validated clinical prediction rule |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=670-5 |year=2003 |pmid=12626967 |doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000054867.01688.D1}}</ref><ref name="pmid26903335">{{cite journal| author=Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, Brunkhorst FM, Rea TD, Scherag A et al.| title=Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). | journal=JAMA | year= 2016 | volume= 315 | issue= 8 | pages= 762-74 | pmid=26903335 | doi=10.1001/jama.2016.0288 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26903335  }} </ref>
*Patient older than 65
 
*[[Shock]] from sepsis
=====Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis(MEDS) Point System<ref name="pmid26901543" />=====
*[[Platelet]] count below 150,000
The components and their scores for the MEDS are described in the following table
*Terminal illness with an immediate possibility of death within one month
{| class="wikitable"
*[[Hypoxia]]
!Component
*[[Tachypnea]]
!Points
===Point System<ref name="urlRisk Stratifying the Potentially Septic Patient in the ED">{{cite web |url=http://www.epmonthly.com/the-literature/evidence-based-medicine/risk-stratifying-the-potentially-septic-patient-in-the-ed/ |title=Risk Stratifying the Potentially Septic Patient in the ED |format= |work= |accessdate=2012-04-20}}</ref>===
|-
The precise scoring system for the MEDS score is as follows:
|Rapidly progressing terminal co-morbid illness
*Rapidly progressing terminal co-morbid illness - '''6 points'''
|6
*If the patient is older than 65 years of age - '''3 points'''
|-
*If the granulocytic bands are greater than 5% - '''3 points'''
|Age >65
*If the patient has [[tachypnea]] or [[hypoxia]] - '''3 points'''
|3
*If the patient is in [[shock]] - '''3 points'''
|-
*If the patient has a [[platelet]] count of less than 150,000 mm<sup>3</sup> - '''3 points'''
|Granulocytic bands are greater than 5%
*If the patient has an altered mental status - '''2 points'''
|3
*If the patient is a resident of a nursing home - '''2 points'''
|-
*If the patient has a lower [[respiratory]] infection - '''2 points'''
|If the patient has [[tachypnea]] or [[hypoxia]]
===Point Correlation<ref name="urlRisk Stratifying the Potentially Septic Patient in the ED">{{cite web |url=http://www.epmonthly.com/the-literature/evidence-based-medicine/risk-stratifying-the-potentially-septic-patient-in-the-ed/ |title=Risk Stratifying the Potentially Septic Patient in the ED |format= |work= |accessdate=2012-04-20}}</ref>===
|3
|-
|If the patient is in [[shock]]
|3
|-
|If the patient has a [[platelet]] count of less than 150,000 mm<sup>3</sup>
|3
|-
|Altered mental status
|2
|-
|Resident of a nursing home
|2
|-
|Lower [[respiratory]] infection
|2
|}
 
The total score will be added up and that total will correlate to the mortality percentage with a 95% confidence interval. The following are the point ranges associated with various mortality percentages.
The total score will be added up and that total will correlate to the mortality percentage with a 95% confidence interval. The following are the point ranges associated with various mortality percentages.
*'''0-4 points total''' - 0.6% mortality rate
*'''0-4 points total''' - 0.6% mortality rate
Line 49: Line 74:
*'''13-15 points total''' - 32% mortality rate
*'''13-15 points total''' - 32% mortality rate
*'''15+ points total''' - 40% mortality rate
*'''15+ points total''' - 40% mortality rate
The area under the [[receiver operating characteristic]] curve for the MEDs score is 0.92.<ref name="pmid26901543" />
===Septic shock===
Approximately 12% of of patients with sepsis progress to septic shock within 48 hours. Among variables studied (which did not include [[procalcitonin]], predictors of progression to septic shock were:<ref name="pmid25668750">{{cite journal| author=Capp R, Horton CL, Takhar SS, Ginde AA, Peak DA, Zane R et al.| title=Predictors of Patients Who Present to the Emergency Department With Sepsis and Progress to Septic Shock Between 4 and 48 Hours of Emergency Department Arrival. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2015 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=25668750 | doi=10.1097/CCM.0000000000000861 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25668750  }} </ref>
* Nonpersistent hypotension
* Bandemia at least 10%
* Lactate at least 4.0 mmol/L
* Past medical of coronary artery disease
* Female gender


==References==
==References==
Line 54: Line 89:
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 
[[Category:Causes of death]]
[[Category:Causes of death]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]

Latest revision as of 14:43, 22 May 2019

Resident
Survival
Guide

Sepsis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information (Adult)

Patient Information (Neonatal)

Overview

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Sepsis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

Chest X Ray

CT

MRI

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Sepsis natural history, complications and prognosis On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Sepsis natural history, complications and prognosis

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Sepsis natural history, complications and prognosis

CDC on Sepsis natural history, complications and prognosis

Sepsis natural history, complications and prognosis in the news

Blogs on Sepsis natural history, complications and prognosis

Directions to Hospitals Treating Sepsis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Sepsis natural history, complications and prognosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2]

Synonyms and keywords: sepsis syndrome; septic shock; septicemia

Overview

There are many complications associated with sepsis, especially because it is a systemic phenomenon. Sepsis is a severe condition, and the prognosis of the patient will depend greatly on the condition and overall health of the patient. Many factors, such as age, hosts immune response, site of infection, type of infection, appropriate antibiotic therapy, and restoration of circulation of perfusion contribute to the overall prognosis.[1][2] [3][4][5][6] [7]

Natural History

If left untreated sepsis can lead to multiorgan failure and eventually death.

Complications

Prognosis

The serum lactate level may be more predictive of outcomes than the serum bicarbonate[8].

Mortality

Mortality can be estimated with the MEDS (Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis)score. More complicated scores such as the Apache, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), and Logistic Organ Dysfunction System (LODS) can be used as well.[4][5][6]

Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis(MEDS) Point System[4]

The components and their scores for the MEDS are described in the following table

Component Points
Rapidly progressing terminal co-morbid illness 6
Age >65 3
Granulocytic bands are greater than 5% 3
If the patient has tachypnea or hypoxia 3
If the patient is in shock 3
If the patient has a platelet count of less than 150,000 mm3 3
Altered mental status 2
Resident of a nursing home 2
Lower respiratory infection 2

The total score will be added up and that total will correlate to the mortality percentage with a 95% confidence interval. The following are the point ranges associated with various mortality percentages.

  • 0-4 points total - 0.6% mortality rate
  • 5-7 points total - 5% mortality rate
  • 8-12 points total - 19% mortality rate
  • 13-15 points total - 32% mortality rate
  • 15+ points total - 40% mortality rate

The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the MEDs score is 0.92.[4]

Septic shock

Approximately 12% of of patients with sepsis progress to septic shock within 48 hours. Among variables studied (which did not include procalcitonin, predictors of progression to septic shock were:[3]

  • Nonpersistent hypotension
  • Bandemia at least 10%
  • Lactate at least 4.0 mmol/L
  • Past medical of coronary artery disease
  • Female gender

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Kellum JA, Chawla LS, Keener C, Singbartl K, Palevsky PM, Pike FL; et al. (2016). "The Effects of Alternative Resuscitation Strategies on Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Septic Shock". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 193 (3): 281–7. doi:10.1164/rccm.201505-0995OC. PMC 4803059. PMID 26398704.
  2. Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Pilcher D, Cooper DJ, Bellomo R (2015). "Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Criteria in Defining Severe Sepsis". N Engl J Med. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1415236. PMID 25776936.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Capp R, Horton CL, Takhar SS, Ginde AA, Peak DA, Zane R; et al. (2015). "Predictors of Patients Who Present to the Emergency Department With Sepsis and Progress to Septic Shock Between 4 and 48 Hours of Emergency Department Arrival". Crit Care Med. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000861. PMID 25668750.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Williams JM, Greenslade JH, Chu K, Brown AF, Lipman J (2016). "Severity Scores in Emergency Department Patients With Presumed Infection: A Prospective Validation Study". Crit Care Med. 44 (3): 539–47. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001427. PMID 26901543.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Shapiro NI, Wolfe RE, Moore RB, Smith E, Burdick E, Bates DW (2003). "Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis (MEDS) score: a prospectively derived and validated clinical prediction rule". Crit. Care Med. 31 (3): 670–5. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000054867.01688.D1. PMID 12626967.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, Brunkhorst FM, Rea TD, Scherag A; et al. (2016). "Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)". JAMA. 315 (8): 762–74. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0288. PMID 26903335.
  7. GitHub Contributors. Prognosticating in sepsis with decision aids: a living systematic review. GitHub. Available at https://github.com/openMetaAnalysis/Sepsis-prognosticating-with-decision-aids/blob/master/README.md. Accessed January 26, 2017.
  8. Meregalli A, Oliveira RP, Friedman G (2004). "Occult hypoperfusion is associated with increased mortality in hemodynamically stable, high-risk, surgical patients". Crit Care. 8 (2): R60–5. doi:10.1186/cc2423. PMC 420024. PMID 15025779.

Template:WikiDoc Sources