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{{Nasopharyngeal carcinoma}}
{{Nasopharyngeal carcinoma}}


{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Faizan}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Homa}}{{Faizan}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
If left untreated [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma]] produces few symptoms early in course. Non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma is associated with a 5 year survival rate of 65%. The common complications of nasopharyngeal carcinoma include airway obstruction, [[dysphagia]] and disfigurement of the neck or face.
If left untreated nasopharyngeal carcinoma produces few [[symptoms]] early in the course of the disease. Non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal [[carcinoma]] is associated with a 5 year [[survival rate]] of 65%. The common [[complications]] of nasopharyngeal carcinoma's treatment include [[Radiation]] [[necrosis]] of the [[temporal lobes]], [[Cranial]] [[nerve]] palsies, encephalomyelopathy, [[Atrophy]] and [[fibrosis]] of the [[muscles of mastication]], [[atrophy]] of [[salivary glands]], [[hearing loss]], and osteoradionecrosis.


==Natural History==
==Natural History==
*If left untreated [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma]] produces few symptoms early in its course.
*If left untreated nasopharyngeal carcinoma produces few [[symptoms]] early in its course.
*Once the tumor has expanded from its site of origin in the lateral wall of the [[nasopharynx]], it may obstruct the nasal passages and cause nasal discharge or [[epistaxis]].
*Once the [[tumor]] has expanded from its site of origin in the [[lateral]] wall of the [[nasopharynx]], it may obstruct the [[nasal]] passages and cause [[nasal discharge]] or [[epistaxis]].<ref name="Petersson2015">{{cite journal|last1=Petersson|first1=Fredrik|title=Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A review|journal=Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology|volume=32|issue=1|year=2015|pages=54–73|issn=07402570|doi=10.1053/j.semdp.2015.02.021}}</ref>
 
==Complications==
[[Complications]] of [[radiotherapy]] include:<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[A. W. Lee]], [[S. C. Law]], [[S. H. Ng]], [[D. K. Chan]], [[Y. F. Poon]], [[W. Foo]], [[S. Y. Tung]], [[F. K. Cheung]] & [[J. H. Ho]]
| title = Retrospective analysis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated during 1976-1985: late complications following megavoltage irradiation
| journal = [[The British journal of radiology]]
| volume = 65
| issue = 778
| pages = 918–928
| year = 1992
| month = October
| doi = 10.1259/0007-1285-65-778-918
| pmid = 1422667
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[A. W. Lee]], [[S. H. Ng]], [[J. H. Ho]], [[V. K. Tse]], [[Y. F. Poon]], [[C. C. Tse]], [[G. K. Au]], [[S. K. O]], [[W. H. Lau]] & [[W. W. Foo]]
| title = Clinical diagnosis of late temporal lobe necrosis following radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
| journal = [[Cancer]]
| volume = 61
| issue = 8
| pages = 1535–1542
| year = 1988
| month = April
| pmid = 3349419
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[A. W. Lee]], [[W. Foo]], [[R. Chappell]], [[J. F. Fowler]], [[W. M. Sze]], [[Y. F. Poon]], [[S. C. Law]], [[S. H. Ng]], [[S. K. O]], [[S. Y. Tung]], [[W. H. Lau]] & [[J. H. Ho]]
| title = Effect of time, dose, and fractionation on temporal lobe necrosis following radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
| journal = [[International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics]]
| volume = 40
| issue = 1
| pages = 35–42
| year = 1998
| month = January
| pmid = 9422555
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Anne W. M. Lee]], [[Dora L. W. Kwong]], [[Sing Fai Leung]], [[Stewart Y. Tung]], [[Wai Man Sze]], [[Jonathan S. T. Sham]], [[Peter M. L. Teo]], [[To Wai Leung]], [[Po Man Wu]], [[Rick Chappell]], [[Lester J. Peters]] & [[John F. Fowler]]
| title = Factors affecting risk of symptomatic temporal lobe necrosis: significance of fractional dose and treatment time
| journal = [[International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics]]
| volume = 53
| issue = 1
| pages = 75–85
| year = 2002
| month = May
| pmid = 12007944
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[J. Chong]], [[L. K. Hinckley]] & [[L. E. Ginsberg]]
| title = Masticator space abnormalities associated with mandibular osteoradionecrosis: MR and CT findings in five patients
| journal = [[AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology]]
| volume = 21
| issue = 1
| pages = 175–178
| year = 2000
| month = January
| pmid = 10669246
}}</ref><ref name="ChongOng2008">{{cite journal|last1=Chong|first1=V.F.H.|last2=Ong|first2=C.K.|title=Nasopharyngeal carcinoma|journal=European Journal of Radiology|volume=66|issue=3|year=2008|pages=437–447|issn=0720048X|doi=10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.03.029}}</ref>
* [[Neurologic]] [[complications]]:
** [[Radiation]] [[necrosis]] of the [[temporal lobes]]
** [[Cranial]] [[nerve]] palsies
**Encephalomyelopathy
*Non- [[neurologic]] [[complications]]:
**[[Atrophy]] and [[fibrosis]] of the [[muscles of mastication]]
**[[Atrophy]] of [[salivary glands]]
**[[Hearing loss]]
**Osteoradionecrosis
[[Complications]] of [[chemotherapy]] include:<ref name="MouldTai2002">{{cite journal|last1=Mould|first1=R F|last2=Tai|first2=T H P|title=Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: treatments and outcomes in the 20th century|journal=The British Journal of Radiology|volume=75|issue=892|year=2002|pages=307–339|issn=0007-1285|doi=10.1259/bjr.75.892.750307}}</ref>
* Suppression of [[bone marrow]]
 
* [[Hearing loss]]
 
* [[Renal impairment]]


==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==
Non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma is associated with a 5 year survival rate of 65%. <ref name="Weidner's">{{cite book |author=Richard Cote, Saul Suster, Lawrence Weiss, Noel Weidner (Editor) |title=Modern Surgical Pathology (2 Volume Set) |publisher=W B Saunders |location=London |year= |pages= |isbn=0-7216-7253-1 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>
Prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is influenced by tumor type:<ref name="Weidner's">{{cite book |author=Richard Cote, Saul Suster, Lawrence Weiss, Noel Weidner (Editor) |title=Modern Surgical Pathology (2 Volume Set) |publisher=W B Saunders |location=London |year= |pages= |isbn=0-7216-7253-1 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref><ref name="bbb">Treatment and prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Dr Bruno Di Muzio and Dr Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma</ref>
Prognosis is influenced both by stage and tumour type:
*Type I: Keratinizing [[squamous]] cell carcinoma - 42% 5 year survival
*Type I: Keratinizing [[squamous]] cell carcinoma - 42% 5 year survival
*Type II: Non-keratinizing squamous cell [[carcinoma]] - 65% 5 year survival
*Type II: Non-keratinizing squamous cell [[carcinoma]] - 65% 5 year survival
*Type III: Undifferentiated carcinoma - 14% 5 year survival<ref>http://radiopaedia.org/articles/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma</ref>
*Type III: Undifferentiated carcinoma - 14% 5 year survival
 
==Complications==
Complications of nasopharyngeal carcinoma include:
* [[Airway obstruction]]
* [[Difficulty swallowing]]
* Disfigurement of the neck or face
* Hardening of the [[skin]] of the neck
* Loss of voice and speaking ability
* Spread of the cancer to other body areas ([[metastasis]])
 
Potential complications of [[radiotherapy]] include:
*[[Radiation]] necrosis of the [[temporal lobes]]
*[[Cranial]] nerve dysfunction
*[[Atrophy]] and fibrosis of the [[muscles of mastication]]


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]

Latest revision as of 22:54, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Homa Najafi, M.D.[2]Faizan Sheraz, M.D. [3]

Overview

If left untreated nasopharyngeal carcinoma produces few symptoms early in the course of the disease. Non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma is associated with a 5 year survival rate of 65%. The common complications of nasopharyngeal carcinoma's treatment include Radiation necrosis of the temporal lobes, Cranial nerve palsies, encephalomyelopathy, Atrophy and fibrosis of the muscles of mastication, atrophy of salivary glands, hearing loss, and osteoradionecrosis.

Natural History

Complications

Complications of radiotherapy include:[2][3][4][5][6][7]

Complications of chemotherapy include:[8]

Prognosis

Prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is influenced by tumor type:[9][10]

  • Type I: Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma - 42% 5 year survival
  • Type II: Non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma - 65% 5 year survival
  • Type III: Undifferentiated carcinoma - 14% 5 year survival

References

  1. ↑ Petersson, Fredrik (2015). "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A review". Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology. 32 (1): 54–73. doi:10.1053/j.semdp.2015.02.021. ISSN 0740-2570.
  2. ↑ A. W. Lee, S. C. Law, S. H. Ng, D. K. Chan, Y. F. Poon, W. Foo, S. Y. Tung, F. K. Cheung & J. H. Ho (1992). "Retrospective analysis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated during 1976-1985: late complications following megavoltage irradiation". The British journal of radiology. 65 (778): 918–928. doi:10.1259/0007-1285-65-778-918. PMID 1422667. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ A. W. Lee, S. H. Ng, J. H. Ho, V. K. Tse, Y. F. Poon, C. C. Tse, G. K. Au, S. K. O, W. H. Lau & W. W. Foo (1988). "Clinical diagnosis of late temporal lobe necrosis following radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma". Cancer. 61 (8): 1535–1542. PMID 3349419. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ A. W. Lee, W. Foo, R. Chappell, J. F. Fowler, W. M. Sze, Y. F. Poon, S. C. Law, S. H. Ng, S. K. O, S. Y. Tung, W. H. Lau & J. H. Ho (1998). "Effect of time, dose, and fractionation on temporal lobe necrosis following radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma". International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics. 40 (1): 35–42. PMID 9422555. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Anne W. M. Lee, Dora L. W. Kwong, Sing Fai Leung, Stewart Y. Tung, Wai Man Sze, Jonathan S. T. Sham, Peter M. L. Teo, To Wai Leung, Po Man Wu, Rick Chappell, Lester J. Peters & John F. Fowler (2002). "Factors affecting risk of symptomatic temporal lobe necrosis: significance of fractional dose and treatment time". International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics. 53 (1): 75–85. PMID 12007944. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ J. Chong, L. K. Hinckley & L. E. Ginsberg (2000). "Masticator space abnormalities associated with mandibular osteoradionecrosis: MR and CT findings in five patients". AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology. 21 (1): 175–178. PMID 10669246. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Chong, V.F.H.; Ong, C.K. (2008). "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma". European Journal of Radiology. 66 (3): 437–447. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.03.029. ISSN 0720-048X.
  8. ↑ Mould, R F; Tai, T H P (2002). "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: treatments and outcomes in the 20th century". The British Journal of Radiology. 75 (892): 307–339. doi:10.1259/bjr.75.892.750307. ISSN 0007-1285.
  9. ↑ Richard Cote, Saul Suster, Lawrence Weiss, Noel Weidner (Editor). Modern Surgical Pathology (2 Volume Set). London: W B Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-7253-1.
  10. ↑ Treatment and prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Dr Bruno Di Muzio and Dr Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma

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