Mesenteric ischemia medical therapy: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Mesenteric ischemia is a medical emergency that requires prompt treatment. The mainstay of treatment is surgery if bowel necrosis or gangrene has occurred , whereas medical therapy is considered initially for hemodynamically stable patients.  
[[Mesenteric ischemia]] is a [[medical emergency]] that requires prompt treatment. The mainstay of treatment is surgery if bowel necrosis or [[gangrene]] has occurred, whereas medical therapy is considered initially for hemodynamically stable patients.


==Medical Therapy==
==Medical Therapy==
The treatment of choice, medical versus surgical in mesenteric ischemia depends on three key elements:
The treatment of choice, medical versus surgical in [[mesenteric ischemia]] depends on the following key elements:
*Duration and severity of ischemia of the intestine
*Duration and severity of [[ischemia]] of the [[intestine]]
*Nature of the occlusive lesion
*Nature of the occlusive lesion
*Availability of the immediate surgical or interventional radiology facility in the emergency room
*Availability of the immediate surgical or [[interventional radiology]] facility in the emergency room
*Hemodyanamic stability of the patient
*Hemodyanamic stability of the patient
===Pharmacological therapy===
'''(A)Conservative management:'''


Pharmacologic medical therapies for mesenteric ischemia in patients who are hemodynamically stable and no evidence of bowel ischemia include the following
[[Mesenteric ischemia|Mesenteric]] ischemia is an acute emergency condition that requires prompt intervention. The outline of initial [[Medicine|medical]] management of all types of [[mesenteric ischemia]] includes:<ref name="pmid9068664">{{cite journal| author=Klempnauer J, Grothues F, Bektas H, Pichlmayr R| title=Long-term results after surgery for acute mesenteric ischemia. | journal=Surgery | year= 1997 | volume= 121 | issue= 3 | pages= 239-43 | pmid=9068664 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9068664  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23103820">{{cite journal| author=Corcos O, Castier Y, Sibert A, Gaujoux S, Ronot M, Joly F et al.| title=Effects of a multimodal management strategy for acute mesenteric ischemia on survival and intestinal failure. | journal=Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol | year= 2013 | volume= 11 | issue= 2 | pages= 158-65.e2 | pmid=23103820 | doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2012.10.027 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23103820  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20298945">{{cite journal| author=Wyers MC| title=Acute mesenteric ischemia: diagnostic approach and surgical treatment. | journal=Semin Vasc Surg | year= 2010 | volume= 23 | issue= 1 | pages= 9-20 | pmid=20298945 | doi=10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2009.12.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20298945  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20308882">{{cite journal| author=Silvestri L, van Saene HK, Zandstra DF, Marshall JC, Gregori D, Gullo A| title=Impact of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on multiple organ dysfunction syndrome: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2010 | volume= 38 | issue= 5 | pages= 1370-6 | pmid=20308882 | doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d9db8c | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20308882  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20298945">{{cite journal| author=Wyers MC| title=Acute mesenteric ischemia: diagnostic approach and surgical treatment. | journal=Semin Vasc Surg | year= 2010 | volume= 23 | issue= 1 | pages= 9-20 | pmid=20298945 | doi=10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2009.12.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20298945  }} </ref>
* Supplemental oxygen


'''Initial management:'''
*Pain control
*[[Fluid replacement|Fluid resuscitation]]
*[[Hemodynamically|Hemodynamic]] support and monitoring


Mesenteric ischemia is an acute emergency condition that requires prompt intervention. The outline of initial medical management of all types of meseneteric ischemia includes:<ref name="pmid9068664">{{cite journal| author=Klempnauer J, Grothues F, Bektas H, Pichlmayr R| title=Long-term results after surgery for acute mesenteric ischemia. | journal=Surgery | year= 1997 | volume= 121 | issue= 3 | pages= 239-43 | pmid=9068664 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9068664  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23103820">{{cite journal| author=Corcos O, Castier Y, Sibert A, Gaujoux S, Ronot M, Joly F et al.| title=Effects of a multimodal management strategy for acute mesenteric ischemia on survival and intestinal failure. | journal=Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol | year= 2013 | volume= 11 | issue= 2 | pages= 158-65.e2 | pmid=23103820 | doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2012.10.027 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23103820 }} </ref><ref name="pmid20298945">{{cite journal| author=Wyers MC| title=Acute mesenteric ischemia: diagnostic approach and surgical treatment. | journal=Semin Vasc Surg | year= 2010 | volume= 23 | issue= 1 | pages= 9-20 | pmid=20298945 | doi=10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2009.12.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20298945 }} </ref>
*Correction of [[Electrolyte disturbance|electrolyte abnormalities]]
* Supplemental oxygen
*[[Anticoagulant|Anticoagulation]] with [[heparin]], to limit [[thrombus]] propagation<ref name="pmid2194948">{{cite journal| author=Reinus JF, Brandt LJ, Boley SJ| title=Ischemic diseases of the bowel. | journal=Gastroenterol Clin North Am | year= 1990 | volume= 19 | issue= 2 | pages= 319-43 | pmid=2194948 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2194948  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9068664">{{cite journal| author=Klempnauer J, Grothues F, Bektas H, Pichlmayr R| title=Long-term results after surgery for acute mesenteric ischemia. | journal=Surgery | year= 1997 | volume= 121 | issue= 3 | pages= 239-43 | pmid=9068664 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9068664  }} </ref>
 
*Broad sprectrum [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]]<ref name="pmid20308882">{{cite journal| author=Silvestri L, van Saene HK, Zandstra DF, Marshall JC, Gregori D, Gullo A| title=Impact of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on multiple organ dysfunction syndrome: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2010 | volume= 38 | issue= 5 | pages= 1370-6 | pmid=20308882 | doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d9db8c | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20308882 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22805154">{{cite journal| author=Petros A, Silvestri L, Booth R, Taylor N, van Saene H| title=Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in critically ill children: systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Pediatr Crit Care Med | year= 2013 | volume= 14 | issue= 1 | pages= 89-97 | pmid=22805154 | doi=10.1097/PCC.0b013e3182417871 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22805154 }} </ref>
*[[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]] [[decompression]]
*Avoidance of vasopressors, which can exacerbate [[ischemia]]
*[[Proton pump inhibitor|Proton pump inhibitors]]
*Measurement of [[Electrolyte disturbance|electrolytes]] and [[Acid-base imbalance|acid]] base status
*[[Nutrition|Nutritional]] assessment and support
'''1.Pain control:'''
 
Parenteral [[Opioid|opioids]] are used to control the pain.


*Pain control
'''2.Fluid resuscitation:'''
*Fluid resuscitation
*Hemodynamic support and monitoring
*Correction of electrolyte abnormalities
*Anticoagulation with heparin, to limit thrombus propagation 
*Broad sprectrum antibiotics
*Gastrointestinal decompression
*Avoidance of vasopressors, which can exacerbate ischemia
*Proton pump inhibitors
*Measurement of electrolytes and acid base status
'''Pain control:'''  


Parenteral opoids are used to control the pain.  
Patients suspected of having [[mesenteric ischemia]] should be resuscitated with crystalloids and blood products to prevent [[Shock|cardiovascular collapse]].


'''Fluid resuscitation:'''
'''3.Hemodynamic support and monitoring''':


Patients suspected of having mesentric ischemia should be resuscitated with crystalloids and blood products to prevent cardiovascular collapse.
In order to guide effective [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation|resuscitation]], effective hemodyanamic support and monitoring should be implemented.


'''Hemodynamic support and monitoring''':
'''4.[[Anticoagulant|Anticoagulation]] with [[heparin]]''':<ref name="pmid25755568">{{cite journal| author=Hmoud B, Singal AK, Kamath PS| title=Mesenteric venous thrombosis. | journal=J Clin Exp Hepatol | year= 2014 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 257-63 | pmid=25755568 | doi=10.1016/j.jceh.2014.03.052 | pmc=4284291 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25755568  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2253928">{{cite journal| author=al Karawi MA, Quaiz M, Clark D, Hilali A, Mohamed AE, Jawdat M| title=Mesenteric vein thrombosis, non-invasive diagnosis and follow-up (US + MRI), and non-invasive therapy by streptokinase and anticoagulants. | journal=Hepatogastroenterology | year= 1990 | volume= 37 | issue= 5 | pages= 507-9 | pmid=2253928 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2253928  }} </ref>


In order to guide effective resuscitation, effective hemodyanamic support and monitoring should be implemented.
Early use of heparin is asscociated with improved survival  especially  in cases of [[Mesenteric ischemia|mesenteric]] venous [[thrombosis]].  


'''Anticoagulation with heparin''':
'''5.Broad sprectrum [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]]:'''


'''Broad sprectrum antibiotics:'''
Broad spectrum [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]] should be administered early in the course of treatment of [[mesenteric ischemia]] to prevent the risk of [[infection]].


Broad spectrum antibiotics should be administered early in the course of treatment of mesenteric ischemia to prevent the risk of infection.
'''6.Avoidance of vasopressors:'''


'''Avoidance of vasopressors:'''
[[Vasoconstriction|Vasopressors]] should be used with caution. [[Dobutamine]], low dose [[dopamine]] and [[milrinone]] can be used to improve [[Heart|cardiac]] function as they have less effect on [[Mesentery|mesenteric]] [[blood]] flow.


Vasopressors should be used with caution. Dobutamine, low dose dopamine and milrinone can be used to improve cardiac function as they have less effect on mesenteric blood flow.
'''7.Measurement of electrolytes and acid base status:'''


'''Measurement of electrolytes and acid base status:'''
'''8.[[Nutrition|Nutritional]] assessment and support:'''<ref name="pmid19464088">{{cite journal| author=Braga M, Ljungqvist O, Soeters P, Fearon K, Weimann A, Bozzetti F et al.| title=ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: surgery. | journal=Clin Nutr | year= 2009 | volume= 28 | issue= 4 | pages= 378-86 | pmid=19464088 | doi=10.1016/j.clnu.2009.04.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19464088  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23103820">{{cite journal| author=Corcos O, Castier Y, Sibert A, Gaujoux S, Ronot M, Joly F et al.| title=Effects of a multimodal management strategy for acute mesenteric ischemia on survival and intestinal failure. | journal=Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol | year= 2013 | volume= 11 | issue= 2 | pages= 158-65.e2 | pmid=23103820 | doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2012.10.027 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23103820  }} </ref>


'''Management according to the severity of presentation:'''
For patients presenting with chronic mesenteric ischemia, [[Nutrition|nutritional]] assessment and support is an important factor as they usually present with [[malnutrition]] ([[Body mass index|BMI]]<20 and [[albumin]] <3).


Acute embolic mesenteric ischemia is managed according to the hemodyanamic stabilty or the presence/abscene of peritoneal signs.                                     
===(B)Management according to the severity of presentation===


{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | |A01=Embolic mesenteric arterial occlusion}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | |A01=History, symptoms and signs suggest mesenteric ischemia(abdominal pain out of proportion to physical exmaination findings)}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | A02 | | | | | |A02= Anticoagualation with heparin
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | | | |B01=Hemodyanamically unstable, signs of sepsis}}
Pain management}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | A02 | | | | | |A02= Peritoneal signs}}
{{familytree | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C02 | | | | | | |C01=No|C02=Yes}}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | B02 |B01= Yes|B02= No}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | D01 | | | | | | |D01=Resuscitate, Intravenous fluid therapy, empiric antibiotic therapy,consider systemic antibiotic therapy}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C02 | | | C01=|C02= Computed tomographic angiography }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | E01 | | | | | | |E01=Plain abdominal films}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | D01 | | | |D01= Embolus present}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | F01 | | | | | | |F01=Free air, signs of advanced ischemia (infarcted bowel)}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | E01 | | | | |E01= Thrombolysis}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | G01 | | | | | | |G01=}}  
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | E01 | | | | |E01= Repeat imaging
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}}
Resolution of thrombus and no persistent symptoms }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | H01 | | | | | | | | | | | H02 | |H01=No|H02=Yes}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | I01 | | | | | | | | | | | I02 | | |I01=Improved and hemodyanamically stable, but persistent signs and symptoms|I02=Laprotomy}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | | B03 | | |B01= No|B02= Yes|B03=B03}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | J01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |J01=CT abdomen (without intravenous contrast)}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | C03 | | |C03=C03}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | D01 | | |D01=D02}}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | B02 | |B01=B01|B02=B02}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |`|-|-|v|-|-|-|'| | | | | | | | | | C01 | | |C01=C01}}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |B01=B01 }}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{Familytree | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | A02 | | | | | | | | A03 | | | | |A01=A01|A02=A02|A03=A03}}
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{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | C02 | | | | | | | |C01=C01|C02=C02}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | D01 | | | | | | | | | | | |D01=D01}}
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{{familytree | | | E01 | | | | | | | | | | |E01=E01}}
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{{familytree | | | D01 | | | | | | | | |D01=D01}}
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="7" |Multimodal management of mesenteric ischemia
! colspan="7" |Multimodal management of mesenteric ischemia
Line 113: Line 96:
|-
|-
|Pathophysiological events  
|Pathophysiological events  
|Vascular occlusion  
|[[Vascular]] [[occlusion]]
|Splanchnic hypoperfusion
|[[Splanchnic]] hypoperfusion
|Intestinal hypoxia
|Intestinal hypoxia
|
|
* Intestinal barrier injury  
* [[Intestine|Intestinal]] barrier injury  


* Translocation
* Translocation


* Local inflammatory pathway
* Local [[Inflammation|inflammatory]] pathway
|Systemic inflammatory pathways  
|Systemic [[Inflammation|inflammatory]] pathways  
|Necrosis
|[[Necrosis]]
Organ failure
Organ failure
|-
|-
|Treatment strategy  
|Treatment strategy  
|
|
* Heparin
* [[Heparin]]


* Aspirin
* [[Aspirin]]


* Revascularization  
* [[Revascularization]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
* Oxygen
* Oxygen
* Blood volume resuscitation
* Blood volume resuscitation
* Transfusion
* [[Blood transfusion|Transfusion]]
|Oral antibiotics
|Oral [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]]
|Intravenous antibiotics
|Intravenous [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]]
|Intestinal resection
|[[Intestine|Intestinal]] resection
|}
|}


===Disease Name===
===Refernces===
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:up-to-date]]

Latest revision as of 19:14, 15 January 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Feham Tariq, MD [2]

Overview

Mesenteric ischemia is a medical emergency that requires prompt treatment. The mainstay of treatment is surgery if bowel necrosis or gangrene has occurred, whereas medical therapy is considered initially for hemodynamically stable patients.

Medical Therapy

The treatment of choice, medical versus surgical in mesenteric ischemia depends on the following key elements:

  • Duration and severity of ischemia of the intestine
  • Nature of the occlusive lesion
  • Availability of the immediate surgical or interventional radiology facility in the emergency room
  • Hemodyanamic stability of the patient

(A)Conservative management:

Mesenteric ischemia is an acute emergency condition that requires prompt intervention. The outline of initial medical management of all types of mesenteric ischemia includes:[1][2][3][4][3]

  • Supplemental oxygen

1.Pain control:

Parenteral opioids are used to control the pain.

2.Fluid resuscitation:

Patients suspected of having mesenteric ischemia should be resuscitated with crystalloids and blood products to prevent cardiovascular collapse.

3.Hemodynamic support and monitoring:

In order to guide effective resuscitation, effective hemodyanamic support and monitoring should be implemented.

4.Anticoagulation with heparin:[7][8]

Early use of heparin is asscociated with improved survival especially in cases of mesenteric venous thrombosis.

5.Broad sprectrum antibiotics:

Broad spectrum antibiotics should be administered early in the course of treatment of mesenteric ischemia to prevent the risk of infection.

6.Avoidance of vasopressors:

Vasopressors should be used with caution. Dobutamine, low dose dopamine and milrinone can be used to improve cardiac function as they have less effect on mesenteric blood flow.

7.Measurement of electrolytes and acid base status:

8.Nutritional assessment and support:[9][2]

For patients presenting with chronic mesenteric ischemia, nutritional assessment and support is an important factor as they usually present with malnutrition (BMI<20 and albumin <3).

(B)Management according to the severity of presentation

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
History, symptoms and signs suggest mesenteric ischemia(abdominal pain out of proportion to physical exmaination findings)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hemodyanamically unstable, signs of sepsis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
No
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yes
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Resuscitate, Intravenous fluid therapy, empiric antibiotic therapy,consider systemic antibiotic therapy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Plain abdominal films
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Free air, signs of advanced ischemia (infarcted bowel)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
No
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yes
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Improved and hemodyanamically stable, but persistent signs and symptoms
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Laprotomy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CT abdomen (without intravenous contrast)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 



Multimodal management of mesenteric ischemia
Early management Late management
Pathophysiological events Vascular occlusion Splanchnic hypoperfusion Intestinal hypoxia
  • Translocation
 Systemic inflammatory pathways Necrosis

Organ failure

Treatment strategy Oral antibiotics Intravenous antibiotics Intestinal resection

Refernces

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Klempnauer J, Grothues F, Bektas H, Pichlmayr R (1997). "Long-term results after surgery for acute mesenteric ischemia". Surgery. 121 (3): 239–43. PMID 9068664.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Corcos O, Castier Y, Sibert A, Gaujoux S, Ronot M, Joly F; et al. (2013). "Effects of a multimodal management strategy for acute mesenteric ischemia on survival and intestinal failure". Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 11 (2): 158–65.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.10.027. PMID 23103820.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Wyers MC (2010). "Acute mesenteric ischemia: diagnostic approach and surgical treatment". Semin Vasc Surg. 23 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2009.12.002. PMID 20298945.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Silvestri L, van Saene HK, Zandstra DF, Marshall JC, Gregori D, Gullo A (2010). "Impact of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on multiple organ dysfunction syndrome: systematic review of randomized controlled trials". Crit Care Med. 38 (5): 1370–6. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d9db8c. PMID 20308882.
  5. ↑ Reinus JF, Brandt LJ, Boley SJ (1990). "Ischemic diseases of the bowel". Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 19 (2): 319–43. PMID 2194948.
  6. ↑ Petros A, Silvestri L, Booth R, Taylor N, van Saene H (2013). "Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in critically ill children: systematic review and meta-analysis". Pediatr Crit Care Med. 14 (1): 89–97. doi:10.1097/PCC.0b013e3182417871. PMID 22805154.
  7. ↑ Hmoud B, Singal AK, Kamath PS (2014). "Mesenteric venous thrombosis". J Clin Exp Hepatol. 4 (3): 257–63. doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2014.03.052. PMC 4284291. PMID 25755568.
  8. ↑ al Karawi MA, Quaiz M, Clark D, Hilali A, Mohamed AE, Jawdat M (1990). "Mesenteric vein thrombosis, non-invasive diagnosis and follow-up (US + MRI), and non-invasive therapy by streptokinase and anticoagulants". Hepatogastroenterology. 37 (5): 507–9. PMID 2253928.
  9. ↑ Braga M, Ljungqvist O, Soeters P, Fearon K, Weimann A, Bozzetti F; et al. (2009). "ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: surgery". Clin Nutr. 28 (4): 378–86. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2009.04.002. PMID 19464088.
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