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==Differentiating etiologies of Hyponatremia    ==
==Differentiating etiologies of Hyponatremia    ==
<br>
<br>
==Laboratory Findings==
'''Biochemical evaluation for finding the etiologies of hyponatremia :'''
{{Columns-list|2|
* Serum sodium
* Serum osmolality
* Serum potassium
* Serum chloride
* Serum creatinine
* Serum other solutes
* Serum urea
* Blood Glucose
* Total protein and albumin
* Serum lipids
* Total bilirubin and direct bilirubin
* Red and white cell blood count
* Serum cortisol
* Adrenocorticotropine hormone
* ADH level
* TSH
* Urine sodium
* Urine chloride
* Urine osmolality
* Urine for other solutes
* Fraction excretion of sodium
* Calculated GFR
}}


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Revision as of 18:51, 31 May 2018

Hyponatremia Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Iqra Qamar M.D.[2] Saeedeh Kowsarnia M.D.[3]

Overview

Different disorders which cause hyponatremia are differentiated based on volume status, clinical presentation, serum and urine osmolality.

Differentiating etiologies of Hyponatremia


Disease Clinical manifestations Paraclinical Findings
Symptoms and Signs Lab Findings
Muscle weakness/ Cramps Oliguria Vomiting/ Diarrhea Volume status JVP Edema Crackles Ascites Tachycardia Hypotension Dry mucous membranes Urine Analysis Serum Osmolality ADH levels
Urine Na Urine Osm FeNa
Renal failure [1] +/- +/- - Hypervolemic + + + + - - - >20 - >1% Normal or ↑
Congestive heart failure [2] +/- - - Hypervolemic + + + + - - - <10 - <1%
Cirrhosis [2] +/- - - Hypervolemic + + + + - - - <10 - <1%
SIAD/ SIADH [3][4] +/- - - Euvolemic - - - - - - - - >100 -
Hypothyroidism +/- - - Euvolemic - - - - - - - - >100 -
Adrenal insufficiency +/- - - Euvolemic - - - - - - - - >100 -
Psychogenic polydipsia +/- - - Euvolemic - - - - - - - - <100 -
Beer drinker's potomania +/- - - Euvolemic - - - - - - - - <100 -
Pregnancy +/- - - Euvolemic - - - - - - - - Variable -
Anorexia (Chronic malnutrition) +/- - - Euvolemic - - - - - - - - Variable - -
Diuretic induced hyponatremia +/- + - Hypovolemic - - - - + + + >20 - >1% -
Non oliguric ATN +/- - - Hypovolemic - - - - + + + >20 - >1% -
Diseases causing 3rd spacing (Pancreatitis, SBO) +/- + +/- Hypovolemic - - - - + + + <10 - <1% -
Gastroenteritis +/- + + Hypovolemic - - - - + + + <10 - <1% -
Sweating +/- + - Hypovolemic - - - - - +/- +/- <10 - <1% -
Cerebral salt-losing syndrome +/- - +/- Euvolemic - - - - - +/- - >20 >100 > 1% -


Differentiation between SIAD and Cerebral-salt wasting syndrome:

Condition Urine sodium Urine volume Blood pressure Serum uric acid Serum urea concentration Clinical features
SIAD > 30 ↔ , ↓ ↔ , ↓ No sign of hypovolemia, Normal or positive fluid balance with absence of weight loss, CVP > 6 cm of water
Cerebral-salt wasting syndrome >> 30 ↔ , orthostatic hypotension ↔ , ↑ Clinical signs of hypovolemia, such as hypotension, dry mucous membranes, tachycardia, or postural hypotension, Negative fluid balance or weight loss, CVP < 6 cm of water

Approach to differential diagnosis

[5]

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Serum Na ≤ 135 meq/L
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Check for:
Serum osmolality
Urine osmolality
Urea
• Glucose
Urine chloride
Urine Na
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Normotonicity
275–295 mOsm/kg
Hyperlipidemia
Hyperproteinemia
•Glycine
 
 
 
 
Hypertonicity
> 295 mOsm/kg
• Glucose
• Mannitol
• Glycine
• Severe azotemia
 
 
 
 
Hypotonicity
<275 mOsm/kg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
UOsm < 100mOsm/kg
 
UOsm > 200mOsm/kg
 
 
UOsm 100–200mOsm/kg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Conditions
Polydipsia
•↓ solute excertion
(Beer potomania
,Tea & toast diet)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Conditions
Polydipsia
•↓ solute excertion
(Beer potomania
,Tea & toast diet)
•Rule out SIAD
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hypovolemia
Based on history & physical exam
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hypervolemia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Euvolemia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
UNa < 30 mEq/L
 
Variable UNa
 
UNa > 30 mEq/L
 
UNa < 30 mEq/L
 
UNa > 30 mEq/L
 
Variable UNa
 
UNa < 20 mEq/L
 
> 20 UNa < 40 mEq/L
 
UNa > 40 mEq/L
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Extrarenal losses
Vomiting (Ucl ↓)
Diarrhea
Pancreatitis
Sweating
Small bowel obstruction
 
Variable UNa
Diuretic use
Discontinue diuretics if UNa is still abnormal
 
Renal losses
Osmotic diuresis (glucose, urea,bicarbonaturia)
Salt-Iosing nephropathy
Addison disease
CSW
 
Conditions
Heart failure
Liver disease
Nephrotic syndrome
 
Conditions
Chronic kidney disease
Diuretic use in:
Heart failure
Liver disease
Nephrotic syndrome
 
Discontinue diuretics if PNa normalize it's not SIAD if it's not normalized
 
Probable hypovolemia
 
Hypovolemia or euvolemia
 
•Probable euvolemia
SIAD
Cortisol deficiency
Hypothyroidism
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Administer 0.9% saline
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Normalize PNa
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Administer 1–2 L 0.9% saline
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Failure to normalize PNa
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hypovolemia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PNa decreases or no change
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PNa increases
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Decreasing UOsm
 
No change in UOsm but UNa increases
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SIAD
 
 
 
 
 
 
No change in UOsm but UNa increases
 
 
Decreased UNa
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hypovolemia
 
Salt-depleted SIAD
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hypovolemia
 
 
Decreasing Uosm
 
 
Administer additional saline
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
No change in UOsm
but UNa increases
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Salt-depleted SIAD

References

  1. Tannen RL, Regal EM, Dunn MJ, Schrier RW (May 1969). "Vasopressin-resistant hyposthenuria in advanced chronic renal disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 280 (21): 1135–41. doi:10.1056/NEJM196905222802101. PMID 5782121.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Schrier RW (May 1992). "An odyssey into the milieu intérieur: pondering the enigmas". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2 (11): 1549–59. PMID 1610976.
  3. Tian W, Fu Y, Garcia-Elias A, Fernández-Fernández JM, Vicente R, Kramer PL, Klein RF, Hitzemann R, Orwoll ES, Wilmot B, McWeeney S, Valverde MA, Cohen DM (August 2009). "A loss-of-function nonsynonymous polymorphism in the osmoregulatory TRPV4 gene is associated with human hyponatremia". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (33): 14034–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904084106. PMC 2729015. PMID 19666518.
  4. Gitelman SE, Feldman BJ, Rosenthal SM (July 2006). "Nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis: a novel disorder in water balance in pediatric patients". Am. J. Med. 119 (7 Suppl 1): S54–8. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.05.008. PMID 16843086.
  5. Spasovski, Goce; Vanholder, Raymond; Allolio, Bruno; Annane, Djillali; Ball, Steve; Bichet, Daniel; Decaux, Guy; Fenske, Wiebke; Hoorn, Ewout J.; Ichai, Carole; Joannidis, Michael; Soupart, Alain; Zietse, Robert; Haller, Maria; van der Veer, Sabine; Van Biesen, Wim; Nagler, Evi (2014). "Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia". Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 29 (suppl_2): i1–i39. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfu040. ISSN 1460-2385.

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