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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Ahmed Zaghw, M.D. [3]; Mohamed Moubarak, M.D. [4]

Overview

Blood cultures should be drawn prior to instituting antibiotics to identify the etiologic agent and to determine its antimicrobial susceptibility. Older antibiotics such as penicillin G, ampicillin, nafcillin, cefazolin, gentamycin, ceftriaxone, rifampin and vancomycin are the mainstays of therapy. Empiric antiomicrobial therapy is started once the blood cultures have been collected.

Timing of Initiation of Antibiotics

Antibiotic therapy for subacute or indolent disease can be delayed until results of blood cultures are known; in fulminant infection or valvular dysfunction requiring urgent surgical intervention, begin empirical antibiotic therapy promptly after blood cultures have been obtained.

Duration of Antibiotic Therapy

The duration for native valve endocarditis is often 4 weeks. For prosthetic valve endocarditis (including the presence of a valve ring), treatment should be continued for 6 to 8 weeks. For each infective agent, the preferred antimicrobial agent, dose, and duration is listed below.

Empirical Antibiotic Therapy

  • Antibiotic therapy for subacute hemodynamically stable disease, and in those who have received antibiotics recently can be delayed waiting for the results of blood cultures, as this delay allows an additional blood cultures without the confounding effect of empiric treatment, which is very important in determining the causing pathogens.[1]
  • On the other hand, the rapid progression of acute cases necessitates the start of empirical treatment antibiotic therapy once the blood cultures have been collected.
  • Empirical therapy is needed for all likely pathogens, certain antibiotic agents, including aminoglycosides, is preferably avoided for its toxic effects.
  • Clinical course of infection beside the epidemiological features should be considered upon selecting empirical treatment regimen.
  • Consultation with an infectious disease specialist for the selection of one of the antibiotic regimens is recommended (see therapy for culture-negative endocarditis). [2]

Pathogen-Based Therapy Adapted from Circulation 2005;111(23):e394-434.[2] and Circulation 2008;118(15):e523-661.[3]

Endocarditis, treatment ⇧ Return to Top ⇧

  • Infective endocarditis[4]
  • Culture-negative endocarditis
  • Culture-negative, native valve endocarditis
  • Culture-negative, prosthetic valve endocarditis (early, ≤ 1 year)
  • Culture-negative, prosthetic valve endocarditis (late, > 1 year)
  • Culture-negative, prosthetic valve endocarditis (early, ≤ 1 year)
  • Pathogen-directed antimicrobial therapy
  • Bartonella
  • Suspected Bartonella endocarditis
  • Documented Bartonella endocarditis
  • Enterococcus
  • Endocarditis caused by enterococcal strains susceptible to penicillin, gentamicin, and vancomycin
  • Preferred regimen : Ampicillin 12 g/24h IV q4h for 4–6 weeks OR Penicillin G 18–30 million U/24h IV either continuously or q4h for 4–6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h for 4–6weeks
  • Alternative regimen : Vancomycin 30 mg/kg/24h IV q12h for 6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h for 6 weeks
  • Pediatric dose: Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/24h IV q8–12h; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8h
  • Endocarditis caused by enterococcal strains susceptible to penicillin, streptomycin, and vancomycin and resistant to gentamicin
  • Endocarditis caused by enterococcal strains resistant to penicillin and susceptible to aminoglycoside and vancomycin
  • β-Lactamase–producing strain
  • Intrinsic penicillin resistance
  • Endocarditis caused by enterococcal strains resistant to penicillin, gentamicin, and vancomycin
  • Enterococcus faecium
  • Enterococcus faecalis
  • HACEK organisms
  • Endocarditis caused by Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus), Cardiobacterium, Eikenella corrodens, or Kingella
  • Staphylococcus
  • Native valve endocarditis caused by oxacillin-susceptible staphylococci
  • Native valve endocarditis caused by oxacillin-resistant staphylococci
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 30 mg/kg/24h IV q12h for 6 weeks
  • Pediatric dose: Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/24h IV q8–12h
  • Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by oxacillin-susceptible staphylococci
  • Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by oxacillin-resistant staphylococci
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 30 mg/kg 24 h q12h for ≥ 6 weeks AND Rifampin 900 mg/24h IV/PO q8h for ≥ 6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM q8–12h for 2 weeks
  • Pediatric dose: Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/24h IV q8–12h; Rifampin 20 mg/kg/24h IV/PO q8h (up to adult dose); Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV or IM q8h
  • Viridans group streptococci and Streptococcus bovis
  • Native valve endocarditis caused by highly penicillin-susceptible viridans group streptococci and Streptococcus bovis (MIC ≤ 0.12 μg/mL)
  • Preferred regimen: Penicillin G 12–18 million U/24h IV either continuously or q4–6h for 4 weeks OR Ceftriaxone 2 g/24h IV/IM in 1 dose for 4 weeks
  • Alternative regimen (1): (Penicillin G 12–18 million U/24h IV either continuously or q4h for 2 weeks OR Ceftriaxone 2 g/24h IV/IM in 1 dose for 2 weeks) AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose for 2 weeks
  • Alternative regimen (2): Vancomycin 30 mg/kg/24h IV q12h not to exceed 2 g/24h for 4 weeks
  • Pediatric dose: Penicillin G 200,000 U/kg/24h IV q4–6h; Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose or q8h; Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/24h IV q8–12h
  • Native valve endocarditis caused by relatively penicillin-resistant viridans group streptococci and Streptococcus bovis (MIC > 0.12 to ≤ 0.5 μg/mL)
  • Preferred regimen (1): (Penicillin G 24 million U/24h IV either continuously or q4–6h for 4 weeks OR Ceftriaxone 2 g/24h IV/IM in 1 dose for 4 weeks) AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose for 2 weeks
  • Preferred regimen (2): Vancomycin 30 mg/kg/24h IV q12h not to exceed 2 g/24h for 4 weeks
  • Pediatric dose: Penicillin G 200,000 U/kg/24h IV q4–6h; Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose or q8h; Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/24h IV q8–12h
  • Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by highly penicillin-susceptible viridans group streptococci and Streptococcus bovis (MIC ≤ 0.12 μg/mL)
  • Preferred regimen (1): (Penicillin G 24 million U/24h IV either continuously or q4–6h for 6 weeks OR Ceftriaxone 2 g/24h IV/IM in 1 dose for 6 weeks) ± Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose for 2 weeks
  • Preferred regimen (2): Vancomycin 30 mg/kg/24h IV q12h not to exceed 2 g/24h for 6 weeks
  • Pediatric dose: Penicillin G 200,000 U/kg/24h IV q4–6h; Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose or q8h; Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/24h IV q8–12h
  • Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by relatively penicillin-resistant viridans group streptococci and Streptococcus bovis (MIC > 0.12 μg/mL)
  • Preferred regimen (1): (Penicillin G 24 million U/24h IV either continuously or q4–6h for 6 weeks OR Ceftriaxone 2 g/24h IV/IM in 1 dose for 6 weeks) AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose for 2 weeks
  • Preferred regimen (2): Vancomycin 30 mg/kg/24h IV q12h not to exceed 2 g/24h for 6 weeks
  • Pediatric dose: Penicillin G 200,000 U/kg/24h IV q4–6h; Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose; Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/24h IV/IM in 1 dose or q8h; Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/24h IV q8–12h

Gram-Negative Bacteria

▸ Click on the following categories to expand treatment regimens.

Gram-Negative Bacteria

  ▸  Bartonella spp.

  ▸  Escherichia coli

  ▸  HACEK Microorganisms

  ▸  Klebsiella spp.

  ▸  Neisseria spp.

  ▸  Proteus mirabilis

  ▸  Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Suspected Bartonella Endocarditis, Culture Negative
Preferred Regimen
Ceftriaxone 2 g IV/IM q24h x 6 weeks
PLUS
Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h x 2 weeks
WITH OR WITHOUT
Doxycycline 100 mg IV/PO q12h x 6 weeks
Documented Bartonella Endocarditis, Culture Positive
Preferred Regimen
Doxycycline 100 mg IV/PO q12h x 6 weeks
PLUS
Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h x 2 weeks
Alternative Regimen
Doxycycline 100 mg IV/PO q12h x 6 weeks
PLUS
Rifampin 300 mg PO/IV q12h x 6 weeks
Patients with Bartonella endocarditis should be treated in consultation with an infectious diseases specialist.
Gentamicin dosage should be adjusted to achieve peak serum concentration of 3—4 μg/ml and trough serum concentration of less than 1 μg/ml when 3 divided doses are used; nomogram used for single daily dosing; other potentially nephrotoxic drugs (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) should be used with caution in patients receiving gentamicin therapy.
Escherichia coli Endocarditis
Preferred Regimen
Ampicillin 2 g IV q4h x 4—6 weeks
OR
Penicillin G 20 MU/day IV continuously x 4—6 weeks
OR
Ceftriaxone 2 g IV/IM q24h x 4—6 weeks
PLUS
Gentamicin 1.7 mg/kg IV/IM q8h x 2 weeks
Gentamicin dosage should be adjusted to achieve peak serum concentration of 3—4 μg/ml and trough serum concentration of less than 1 μg/ml when 3 divided doses are used; nomogram used for single daily dosing; other potentially nephrotoxic drugs (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) should be used with caution in patients receiving gentamicin therapy.
HACEK Endocarditis, Adult
Preferred Regimen
Ceftriaxone 2 g IV/IM q24h x 4 weeks
Alternative Regimen
Ampicillin-Sulbactam 1.5 g IV q6h x 4 weeks
OR
Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO q12h (or 400 mg IV q12h) x 4 weeks§
HACEK Endocarditis, Pediatric
Preferred Regimen
Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg IV/IM q24h x 4 weeks
Alternative Regimen
Ampicillin-Sulbactam 300 mg/kg/day IV q4—6h x 4 weeks
OR
Ciprofloxacin 10—15 mg/kg IV/PO q12h x 4 weeks§
Prosthetic valve: patients with endocarditis involving prosthetic cardiac valve or other prosthetic cardiac material should be treated for 6 wk.
Cefotaxime or another third- or fourth-generation cephalosporin may be substituted.
§ Fluoroquinolone therapy recommended only for patients unable to tolerate cephalosporin and ampicillin therapy; levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, or moxifloxacin may be substituted; fluoroquinolones generally not recommended for patients <18 y old.
Klebsiella Endocarditis
Preferred Regimen
Ceftriaxone 2 g IV/IM q24h x 4 weeks
PLUS
Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h x 2 weeks
OR
Amikacin 15 mg/kg/day IV q8—12h x 2 weeks§
Alternative Regimen
Piperacillin/Tazobactam 3.375 g IV q6h x 4 weeks
Gentamicin dosage should be adjusted to achieve peak serum concentration of 3—4 μg/ml and trough serum concentration of less than 1 μg/ml when 3 divided doses are used; nomogram used for single daily dosing; other potentially nephrotoxic drugs (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) should be used with caution in patients receiving gentamicin therapy.
§ Peak concentrations (30 to 90 minutes after injection) above 35 μg/mL and trough concentrations (just prior to the next dose) above 10 μg/mL should be avoided. Dosage should be adjusted as indicated.
Neisseria Endocarditis
Preferred Regimen
Penicillin G 12—18 MU/day IV continuously or q4—6h x 4 weeks
OR
Cefazolin 1—1.5 g IV q6h x 4 weeks
OR
Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h x 4 weeks
Infectious disease consultation should be obtained in cases in which Neisseria are resistant to penicillin.
Proteus mirabilis Endocarditis
Preferred Regimen
Ampicillin 2 g IV q4h x 4—6 weeks
OR
Penicillin G 20 MU/day IV continuously x 4—6 weeks
OR
Ceftriaxone 2 g IV/IM q24h x 4—6 weeks
PLUS
Gentamicin 1.7 mg/kg IV/IM q8h x 2 weeks
Gentamicin dosage should be adjusted to achieve peak serum concentration of 3—4 μg/ml and trough serum concentration of less than 1 μg/ml when 3 divided doses are used; nomogram used for single daily dosing; other potentially nephrotoxic drugs (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) should be used with caution in patients receiving gentamicin therapy.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Endocarditis
Preferred Regimen
Ticarcillin 3 g IV q4h (or 4 g IV q6h) x ≥6 weeks
OR
Piperacillin/Tazobactam 3.375 gm IV q4h (or 4.5 g IV q6h) x ≥6 weeks
OR
Ceftazidime 2 g IV q8h x ≥6 weeks
OR
Cefepime 2 g IV q8h x ≥6 weeks
PLUS
Tobramycin 8 mg/kg IV/IM q24h x ≥6 weeks
Maintenance of peak and trough concentrations of 15—20 μg/mL and ≤2 μg/mL, respectively.

Culture-Negative Endocarditis Adapted from Circulation 2005;111(23):e394-434.[2] and Circulation 2008;118(15):e523-661.[3]

▸ Click on the following categories to expand treatment regimens.

Native Valve Endocarditis

  ▸  Culture-Negative NVE, Adult

  ▸  Culture-Negative NVE, Pediatric

Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis

  ▸  Culture-Negative PVE, Adult (Early, ≤1 year)

  ▸  Culture-Negative PVE, Pediatric (Early, ≤1 year)

  ▸  Culture-Negative PVE, Adult (Late, >1 year)

  ▸  Culture-Negative PVE, Adult (Late, >1 year)

Culture-Negative Native Valve Endocarditis, Adult
Preferred Regimen
Ampicillin-Sulbactam 3 g IV q6h x 4—6 weeks
PLUS
Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h x 4—6 weeks
Alternative Regimen
Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q12h x 4—6 weeksǁ
PLUS
Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h x 4—6 weeks
PLUS
Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO q12h (or 400 mg IV q12h) x 4—6 weeks
Gentamicin dosage should be adjusted to achieve peak serum concentration of 3—4 μg/ml and trough serum concentration of less than 1 μg/ml when 3 divided doses are used; nomogram used for single daily dosing; other potentially nephrotoxic drugs (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) should be used with caution in patients receiving gentamicin therapy.
ǁ Recommended only for patients unable to tolerate penicillins. Vancomycin doses should not exceed 2 g per 24 h, unless serum concentrations are inappropriately low. Dosage should be adjusted to obtain peak (1 h after infusion completed) serum concentration of 30–45 μg/ml and a trough concentration range of 10–15 μg/ml. Vancomycin should be infused during course of at least 1 h to reduce risk of histamine-release red man syndrome.
Culture-Negative Native Valve Endocarditis, Pediatric
Preferred Regimen
Ampicillin-Sulbactam 300 mg/kg/day IV q4—6h x 4—6 weeks
PLUS
Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h x 4—6 weeks
Alternative Regimen
Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/day IV q8—12h x 4—6 weeksǁ
PLUS
Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h x 4—6 weeks
PLUS
Ciprofloxacin 10—15 mg/kg IV/PO q12h x 4—6 weeks
Gentamicin dosage should be adjusted to achieve peak serum concentration of 3—4 μg/ml and trough serum concentration of less than 1 μg/ml when 3 divided doses are used; nomogram used for single daily dosing; other potentially nephrotoxic drugs (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) should be used with caution in patients receiving gentamicin therapy.
ǁ Recommended only for patients unable to tolerate penicillins. Vancomycin doses should not exceed 2 g per 24 h, unless serum concentrations are inappropriately low. Dosage should be adjusted to obtain peak (1 h after infusion completed) serum concentration of 30–45 μg/ml and a trough concentration range of 10–15 μg/ml. Vancomycin should be infused during course of at least 1 h to reduce risk of histamine-release red man syndrome.
Culture-Negative Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis, Adult (Early, ≤1 year)
Preferred Regimen
Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q12h x 6 weeksǁ
PLUS
Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h x 2 weeks
PLUS
Cefepime 2 g IV q8h x 6 weeks
PLUS
Rifampin 300 mg PO/IV q8h x 6 weeks
ǁ Recommended only for patients unable to tolerate penicillins. Vancomycin doses should not exceed 2 g per 24 h, unless serum concentrations are inappropriately low. Dosage should be adjusted to obtain peak (1 h after infusion completed) serum concentration of 30–45 μg/ml and a trough concentration range of 10–15 μg/ml. Vancomycin should be infused during course of at least 1 h to reduce risk of histamine-release red man syndrome.
Gentamicin dosage should be adjusted to achieve peak serum concentration of 3—4 μg/ml and trough serum concentration of less than 1 μg/ml when 3 divided doses are used; nomogram used for single daily dosing; other potentially nephrotoxic drugs (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) should be used with caution in patients receiving gentamicin therapy.
Culture-Negative Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis, Pediatric (Early, ≤1 year)
Preferred Regimen
Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/day IV q8—12h x 6 weeksǁ
PLUS
Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h x 2 weeks
PLUS
Cefepime 50 mg/kg IV q8h x 6 weeks
PLUS
Rifampin 20 mg/kg/day PO/IV q8h x 6 weeks
ǁ Recommended only for patients unable to tolerate penicillins. Vancomycin doses should not exceed 2 g per 24 h, unless serum concentrations are inappropriately low. Dosage should be adjusted to obtain peak (1 h after infusion completed) serum concentration of 30–45 μg/ml and a trough concentration range of 10–15 μg/ml. Vancomycin should be infused during course of at least 1 h to reduce risk of histamine-release red man syndrome.
Gentamicin dosage should be adjusted to achieve peak serum concentration of 3—4 μg/ml and trough serum concentration of less than 1 μg/ml when 3 divided doses are used; nomogram used for single daily dosing; other potentially nephrotoxic drugs (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) should be used with caution in patients receiving gentamicin therapy.
Culture-Negative Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis, Adult (Late, >1 year)
Preferred Regimen
Ampicillin-Sulbactam 3 g IV q6h x 6 weeks
PLUS
Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h x 6 weeks
PLUS
Rifampin 300 mg PO/IV q8h x 6 weeks
Alternative Regimen
Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q12h x 6 weeksǁ
PLUS
Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h x 6 weeks
PLUS
Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO q12h (or 400 mg IV q12h) x 6 weeks
PLUS
Rifampin 300 mg PO/IV q8h x 6 weeks
Gentamicin dosage should be adjusted to achieve peak serum concentration of 3—4 μg/ml and trough serum concentration of less than 1 μg/ml when 3 divided doses are used; nomogram used for single daily dosing; other potentially nephrotoxic drugs (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) should be used with caution in patients receiving gentamicin therapy.
ǁ Recommended only for patients unable to tolerate penicillins. Vancomycin doses should not exceed 2 g per 24 h, unless serum concentrations are inappropriately low. Dosage should be adjusted to obtain peak (1 h after infusion completed) serum concentration of 30–45 μg/ml and a trough concentration range of 10–15 μg/ml. Vancomycin should be infused during course of at least 1 h to reduce risk of histamine-release red man syndrome.
Culture-Negative Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis, Pediatric (Late, >1 year)
Preferred Regimen
Ampicillin-Sulbactam 300 mg/kg/day IV q4—6h x 6 weeks
PLUS
Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h x 6 weeks
PLUS
Rifampin 20 mg/kg/day PO/IV q8h x 6 weeks
Alternative Regimen
Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/day IV q8—12h x 6 weeksǁ
PLUS
Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h x 6 weeks
PLUS
Ciprofloxacin 10—15 mg/kg IV/PO q12h x 6 weeks
PLUS
Rifampin 20 mg/kg/day PO/IV q8h x 6 weeks
Gentamicin dosage should be adjusted to achieve peak serum concentration of 3—4 μg/ml and trough serum concentration of less than 1 μg/ml when 3 divided doses are used; nomogram used for single daily dosing; other potentially nephrotoxic drugs (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) should be used with caution in patients receiving gentamicin therapy.
ǁ Recommended only for patients unable to tolerate penicillins. Vancomycin doses should not exceed 2 g per 24 h, unless serum concentrations are inappropriately low. Dosage should be adjusted to obtain peak (1 h after infusion completed) serum concentration of 30–45 μg/ml and a trough concentration range of 10–15 μg/ml. Vancomycin should be infused during course of at least 1 h to reduce risk of histamine-release red man syndrome.


References

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  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Baddour, LM.; Wilson, WR.; Bayer, AS.; Fowler, VG.; Bolger, AF.; Levison, ME.; Ferrieri, P.; Gerber, MA.; Tani, LY. (2005). "Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Circulation. 111 (23): e394–434. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564. PMID 15956145. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. 3.0 3.1 Bonow, RO.; Carabello, BA.; Chatterjee, K.; de Leon, AC.; Faxon, DP.; Freed, MD.; Gaasch, WH.; Lytle, BW.; Nishimura, RA. (2008). "2008 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to revise the 1998 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease). Endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons". J Am Coll Cardiol. 52 (13): e1–142. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.05.007. PMID 18848134. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. Baddour, Larry M.; Wilson, Walter R.; Bayer, Arnold S.; Fowler, Vance G.; Bolger, Ann F.; Levison, Matthew E.; Ferrieri, Patricia; Gerber, Michael A.; Tani, Lloyd Y.; Gewitz, Michael H.; Tong, David C.; Steckelberg, James M.; Baltimore, Robert S.; Shulman, Stanford T.; Burns, Jane C.; Falace, Donald A.; Newburger, Jane W.; Pallasch, Thomas J.; Takahashi, Masato; Taubert, Kathryn A.; Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; American Heart Association; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2005-06-14). "Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Circulation. 111 (23): –394-434. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564. ISSN 1524-4539. PMID 15956145.