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{{Chronic stable angina}}
{{Chronic stable angina}}
'''Editor-In-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [mailto:mgibson@perfuse.org] Phone:617-632-7753; '''Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' {{CZ}}; Smita Kohli, M.D.; [[Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan]], M.B.B.S.
 
'''Editor-In-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [mailto:mgibson@perfuse.org] Phone:617-632-7753; '''Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' {{CZ}}; Smita Kohli, M.D.; [[Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan|Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S.]]


==Overview==
==Overview==
In patients with chronic stable angina, initial laboratory investigations are used to provide information on the '''possible causes''' of [[ischemia]], or used to '''establish risk factors''', or used to '''determine the prognosis'''. Low hemoglobin levels can cause ischemia and also assessing hemoglobin as a part of complete blood count provides prognostic information<ref name="pmid15893180">Horne BD, Anderson JL, John JM, Weaver A, Bair TL, Jensen KR et al. (2005) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15893180 Which white blood cell subtypes predict increased cardiovascular risk?] ''J Am Coll Cardiol'' 45 (10):1638-43. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.054 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.054] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/15893180 15893180]</ref>. Biomarkers such as [[troponin]] and [[CK-MB]] are used to exclude myocardial injury. Fasting plasma glucose and lipid profile are evaluated in all patients with ischemic heart disease for [[Chronic stable angina risk stratification|risk factor stratification]]. Serum creatinine <ref name="pmid14712425">Shlipak MG, Stehman-Breen C, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, Varosy PD, Wenger NK et al. (2004) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14712425 Creatinine levels and cardiovascular events in women with heart disease: do small changes matter?] ''Am J Kidney Dis'' 43 (1):37-44. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/14712425 14712425]</ref> is used to assess renal dysfunction <ref name="pmid12706933">Fried LF, Shlipak MG, Crump C, Bleyer AJ, Gottdiener JS, Kronmal RA et al. (2003) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12706933 Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in elderly individuals.] ''J Am Coll Cardiol'' 41 (8):1364-72. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/12706933 12706933]</ref> due to associated [[hypertension]] or [[diabetes]] and remains a negative prognostic factor. In patients with chronic stable angina, an elevation in fasting glucose <ref name="pmid14760320">Arcavi L, Behar S, Caspi A, Reshef N, Boyko V, Knobler H (2004) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14760320 High fasting glucose levels as a predictor of worse clinical outcome in patients with coronary artery disease: results from the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study.] ''Am Heart J'' 147 (2):239-45. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2003.09.013 DOI:10.1016/j.ahj.2003.09.013] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/14760320 14760320]</ref> independently predicts the adverse outcome. Recently '''NT-pro-BNP''' has been shown to predict long-term mortality in patients with chronic stable angina independent of age, ventricular ejection fraction and risk factors <ref name="pmid15716560">Kragelund C, Grønning B, Køber L, Hildebrandt P, Steffensen R (2005) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15716560 N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and long-term mortality in stable coronary heart disease.] ''N Engl J Med'' 352 (7):666-75. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa042330 DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa042330] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/15716560 15716560]</ref>.
In patients with chronic stable angina, initial laboratory investigations are used to provide information on the '''possible causes''' of [[ischemia]], or used to '''establish risk factors''', or used to '''determine the prognosis'''. Low hemoglobin levels can cause ischemia and also assessing hemoglobin as a part of complete blood count provides prognostic information<ref name="pmid15893180">Horne BD, Anderson JL, John JM, Weaver A, Bair TL, Jensen KR et al. (2005) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15893180 Which white blood cell subtypes predict increased cardiovascular risk?] ''J Am Coll Cardiol'' 45 (10):1638-43. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.054 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.054] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/15893180 15893180]</ref>. Biomarkers such as [[troponin]] and [[CK-MB]] are used to exclude myocardial injury. Fasting plasma glucose and lipid profile are evaluated in all patients with ischemic heart disease for [[Chronic stable angina risk stratification|risk factor stratification]]. Serum creatinine <ref name="pmid14712425">Shlipak MG, Stehman-Breen C, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, Varosy PD, Wenger NK et al. (2004) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14712425 Creatinine levels and cardiovascular events in women with heart disease: do small changes matter?] ''Am J Kidney Dis'' 43 (1):37-44. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/14712425 14712425]</ref> is used to assess renal dysfunction <ref name="pmid12706933">Fried LF, Shlipak MG, Crump C, Bleyer AJ, Gottdiener JS, Kronmal RA et al. (2003) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12706933 Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in elderly individuals.] ''J Am Coll Cardiol'' 41 (8):1364-72. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/12706933 12706933]</ref> due to associated [[hypertension]] or [[diabetes]] and remains a negative prognostic factor. In patients with chronic stable angina, an elevation in fasting glucose <ref name="pmid14760320">Arcavi L, Behar S, Caspi A, Reshef N, Boyko V, Knobler H (2004) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14760320 High fasting glucose levels as a predictor of worse clinical outcome in patients with coronary artery disease: results from the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study.] ''Am Heart J'' 147 (2):239-45. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2003.09.013 DOI:10.1016/j.ahj.2003.09.013] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/14760320 14760320]</ref> independently predicts the adverse outcome. Recently '''NT-pro-BNP''' has been shown to predict long-term mortality in patients with chronic stable angina independent of age, ventricular ejection fraction and risk factors <ref name="pmid15716560">Kragelund C, Grønning B, Køber L, Hildebrandt P, Steffensen R (2005) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15716560 N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and long-term mortality in stable coronary heart disease.] ''N Engl J Med'' 352 (7):666-75. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa042330 DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa042330] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/15716560 15716560]</ref>.


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==ACC / AHA Guidelines- Recommendations for Initial Laboratory Tests for Diagnosis (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid10351980">Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM et al. (1999) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10351980 ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina).] ''Circulation'' 99 (21):2829-48. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/10351980 10351980]</ref>==
==ACC / AHA Guidelines- Recommendations for Initial Laboratory Tests for Diagnosis (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid10351980">Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM et al. (1999) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10351980 ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina).] ''Circulation'' 99 (21):2829-48. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/10351980 10351980]</ref>==
{{cquote|
{{cquote|
===Class I===
===[[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]===
'''1.''' [[Hemoglobin]]. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''
'''1.''' [[Hemoglobin]]. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''


'''2.''' Fasting [[glucose]]. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''
'''2.''' Fasting [[glucose]]. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''


'''3.''' Fasting [[lipid]] panel, including total [[cholesterol]], [[HDL cholesterol]], [[triglycerides]], and calculated [[LDL cholesterol]]. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''}}
'''3.''' Fasting [[lipid]] panel, including total [[cholesterol]], [[HDL cholesterol]], [[triglycerides]], and calculated [[LDL cholesterol]]. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''}}


==ESC Guidelines for laboratory investigation in initial assessment of stable angina (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid16735367">{{cite journal| author=Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D, Buszman P, Camici PG, Crea F et al.| title=Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2006 | volume= 27 | issue= 11 | pages= 1341-81 | pmid=16735367 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehl001 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16735367  }} </ref>==
==ESC Guidelines for laboratory investigation in initial assessment of stable angina (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid16735367">{{cite journal| author=Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D, Buszman P, Camici PG, Crea F et al.| title=Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2006 | volume= 27 | issue= 11 | pages= 1341-81 | pmid=16735367 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehl001 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16735367  }} </ref>==
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==Sources==
==Sources==
*The ACC/AHA/ACP–ASIM Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina <ref name="pmid10351980">Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM et al. (1999) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10351980 ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina).] ''Circulation'' 99 (21):2829-48. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/10351980 10351980]</ref>
*Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology <ref name="pmid16735367">{{cite journal| author=Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D, Buszman P, Camici PG, Crea F et al.| title=Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2006 | volume= 27 | issue= 11 | pages= 1341-81 | pmid=16735367 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehl001 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16735367  }} </ref>
*Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology <ref name="pmid16735367">{{cite journal| author=Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D, Buszman P, Camici PG, Crea F et al.| title=Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2006 | volume= 27 | issue= 11 | pages= 1341-81 | pmid=16735367 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehl001 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16735367  }} </ref>
*The ACC/AHA/ACP–ASIM Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina <ref name="pmid10351980">Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM et al. (1999) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10351980 ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina).] ''Circulation'' 99 (21):2829-48. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/10351980 10351980]</ref>


*TheACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina <ref name="pmid12515758">Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS et al. (2003) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12515758 ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina--summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina).] ''Circulation'' 107 (1):149-58. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/12515758 12515758]</ref>
*TheACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina <ref name="pmid12515758">Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS et al. (2003) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12515758 ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina--summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina).] ''Circulation'' 107 (1):149-58. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/12515758 12515758]</ref>

Revision as of 03:18, 25 August 2011

Chronic stable angina Microchapters

Acute Coronary Syndrome Main Page

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Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Classic
Chronic Stable Angina
Atypical
Walk through Angina
Mixed Angina
Nocturnal Angina
Postprandial Angina
Cardiac Syndrome X
Vasospastic Angina

Differentiating Chronic Stable Angina from Acute Coronary Syndromes

Pathophysiology

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Pretest Probability of CAD in a Patient with Angina

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Phone:617-632-7753; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Smita Kohli, M.D.; Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S.

Overview

In patients with chronic stable angina, initial laboratory investigations are used to provide information on the possible causes of ischemia, or used to establish risk factors, or used to determine the prognosis. Low hemoglobin levels can cause ischemia and also assessing hemoglobin as a part of complete blood count provides prognostic information[1]. Biomarkers such as troponin and CK-MB are used to exclude myocardial injury. Fasting plasma glucose and lipid profile are evaluated in all patients with ischemic heart disease for risk factor stratification. Serum creatinine [2] is used to assess renal dysfunction [3] due to associated hypertension or diabetes and remains a negative prognostic factor. In patients with chronic stable angina, an elevation in fasting glucose [4] independently predicts the adverse outcome. Recently NT-pro-BNP has been shown to predict long-term mortality in patients with chronic stable angina independent of age, ventricular ejection fraction and risk factors [5].

Initial laboratory tests

  • Routine hematologic tests are necessary to exclude significant anemia [1]
  • Homocysteinemia has been found to be a risk factor for CAD [9]. Folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 can lower the homocysteine level. Although the therapeutic implications of lowering homocysteine levels have not been fully defined, homocysteine concentrations should be measured in patients with a strong family history of coronary disease, especially if it is not explained by traditional risk factors.

ACC / AHA Guidelines- Recommendations for Initial Laboratory Tests for Diagnosis (DO NOT EDIT)[10]

“

Class I

1. Hemoglobin. (Level of Evidence: C)

2. Fasting glucose. (Level of Evidence: C)

3. Fasting lipid panel, including total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and calculated LDL cholesterol. (Level of Evidence: C)

”

ESC Guidelines for laboratory investigation in initial assessment of stable angina (DO NOT EDIT)[11]

“

Class I (in all patients)

1. Fasting lipid profile, including total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides. (Level of Evidence: B)

2. Fasting glucose. (Level of Evidence: B)

3. Full blood count including Hemoglobin and white cell count. (Level of Evidence: B)

4. Creatinine. (Level of Evidence: C)

Class I (if specifically indicated on the basis of clinical evaluation)

1. Markers of myocardial damage if evaluation suggests clinical instability or ACS. (Level of Evidence: A)

2. Thyroid function if clinically indicated. (Level of Evidence: C)

Class IIa

1. Oral glucose tolerance test. (Level of Evidence: B)

Class IIb

1. Hs-C-reactive protein. (Level of Evidence: B)

2. Lipoprotein a, ApoA, and ApoB . (Level of Evidence: B)

3. Homocysteine. (Level of Evidence: B)

4. HbA1c. (Level of Evidence: B)

5. NT-BNP. (Level of Evidence: B)

”

ESC Guidelines for blood tests for routine reassessment in patients with chronic stable angina (DO NOT EDIT)[11]

“

Class IIa

1. Fasting lipid profile and fasting glucose on an annual basis. (Level of Evidence: C)

”

Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines

Sources

  • The ACC/AHA/ACP–ASIM Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina [10]
  • Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology [11]
  • TheACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina [12]
  • The 2007 Chronic Angina Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina [13]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Horne BD, Anderson JL, John JM, Weaver A, Bair TL, Jensen KR et al. (2005) Which white blood cell subtypes predict increased cardiovascular risk? J Am Coll Cardiol 45 (10):1638-43. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.054 PMID: 15893180
  2. ↑ Shlipak MG, Stehman-Breen C, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, Varosy PD, Wenger NK et al. (2004) Creatinine levels and cardiovascular events in women with heart disease: do small changes matter? Am J Kidney Dis 43 (1):37-44. PMID: 14712425
  3. ↑ Fried LF, Shlipak MG, Crump C, Bleyer AJ, Gottdiener JS, Kronmal RA et al. (2003) Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in elderly individuals. J Am Coll Cardiol 41 (8):1364-72. PMID: 12706933
  4. ↑ Arcavi L, Behar S, Caspi A, Reshef N, Boyko V, Knobler H (2004) High fasting glucose levels as a predictor of worse clinical outcome in patients with coronary artery disease: results from the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study. Am Heart J 147 (2):239-45. DOI:10.1016/j.ahj.2003.09.013 PMID: 14760320
  5. ↑ Kragelund C, Grønning B, Køber L, Hildebrandt P, Steffensen R (2005) N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and long-term mortality in stable coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 352 (7):666-75. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa042330 PMID: 15716560
  6. ↑ Rosengren A, Dotevall A, Eriksson H, Wilhelmsen L (2001) Optimal risk factors in the population: prognosis, prevalence, and secular trends; data from Göteborg population studies. Eur Heart J 22 (2):136-44. DOI:10.1053/euhj.2000.2179 PMID: 11161915
  7. ↑ Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Solomon CG, Liu S, Willett WC, Speizer FE et al. (2001) The impact of diabetes mellitus on mortality from all causes and coronary heart disease in women: 20 years of follow-up. Arch Intern Med 161 (14):1717-23. PMID: 11485504
  8. ↑ Khaw KT, Wareham N, Luben R, Bingham S, Oakes S, Welch A et al. (2001) Glycated haemoglobin, diabetes, and mortality in men in Norfolk cohort of european prospective investigation of cancer and nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk). BMJ 322 (7277):15-8. PMID: 11141143
  9. ↑ Nygård O, Nordrehaug JE, Refsum H, Ueland PM, Farstad M, Vollset SE (1997) Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 337 (4):230-6. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199707243370403 PMID: 9227928
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM et al. (1999) ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation 99 (21):2829-48. PMID: 10351980
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D, Buszman P, Camici PG, Crea F; et al. (2006). "Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology". Eur Heart J. 27 (11): 1341–81. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl001. PMID 16735367.
  12. ↑ Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS et al. (2003) ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina--summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation 107 (1):149-58. PMID: 12515758
  13. ↑ Fraker TD, Fihn SD, Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J et al. (2007) 2007 chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Group to develop the focused update of the 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina. Circulation 116 (23):2762-72. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187930 PMID: 17998462


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