COVID-19 primary prevention: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
'''For COVID-19 frequently asked inpatient questions, click [[COVID-19 frequently asked inpatient questions|here]]'''<br>
'''For COVID-19 frequently asked outpatient questions, click [[COVID-19 frequently asked outpatient questions|here]]'''<br>
{{COVID-19}}
{{COVID-19}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HK}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HK}} {{TAM}}


==Overiew==
==Overiew==


There is currently no [[vaccine]] to prevent [[Novel Coronavirus|2019-nCoV]] infection. The best way to prevent [[infection]] is to avoid being exposed to this [[virus]]. The fact that it is currently [[flu]] and [[respiratory disease]] season, [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] recommends getting a [[flu vaccine]], taking everyday preventive actions to help stop the spread of [[Germ|germs]], and taking [[flu]] [[antivirals]] if prescribed. [[Health care provider|Healthcare providers]] are advised to be on the look-out for people who recently traveled from China and have [[fever]] and [[Respiratory system|respiratory]] [[Symptom|symptoms]].
There is currently no [[vaccine]] to prevent COVID-19. The best way to prevent [[infection]] is to avoid being exposed to this [[virus]]. The fact that it is currently [[flu]] and [[respiratory disease]] season, [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] recommends getting a [[flu vaccine]], taking everyday preventive actions to help stop the spread of [[Germ|germs]], and taking [[flu]] [[antivirals]] if prescribed. [[Health care provider|Healthcare providers]] are advised to be on the look-out for people who recently traveled from China and have [[fever]] and [[Respiratory system|respiratory]] [[Symptom|symptoms]].
== Primary Prevention ==
== Primary Prevention ==


=== Vaccination===
Trials of vaccination are available<ref name="Voysey2020">{{cite journal|last1=Voysey|first1=Merryn|title=Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK|journal=Lancet|volume=|issue=|year=2020|pages=1–55|issn=|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32661-1}}</ref><ref>Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Meeting. Available at https://www.fda.gov/media/144245/download</ref>
.
=== Exposure Control ===
=== Exposure Control ===


==== 2019-nCoV ====
==== 2019-nCoV ====
There is currently no [[vaccine]] to prevent [[Novel Coronavirus|2019-nCoV]] infection. The best way to prevent [[infection]] is to avoid being exposed to this [[virus]]. The following practices should be adopted for [[infection]] control:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
There is currently no [[vaccine]] to prevent COVID-19. The best way to prevent [[infection]] is to avoid being exposed to this [[virus]]. The following practices should be adopted for [[infection]] control:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>


*[[Hand washing]] often with [[soap]] and [[water]] for at least 20 seconds.
*[[Hand washing]] often with [[soap]] and [[water]] for at least 20 seconds.
* Using an [[Hand sanitizer|alcohol-based hand sanitizer]] that contains at least 60% [[alcohol]] if [[soap]] and [[water]] are not available
* Using an [[Hand sanitizer|alcohol-based hand sanitizer]] that contains at least 60% [[alcohol]] if [[soap]] and [[water]] are not available
*FDA advises consumers not to use any hand sanitizer manufactured by Eskbiochem SA de CV in Mexico, due to the potential presence of methanol (wood alcohol), a substance that can be toxic when absorbed through the skin or ingested. FDA has identified the following products manufactured by Eskbiochem:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-advises-consumers-not-use-hand-sanitizer-products-manufactured-eskbiochem.html|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
** All-Clean Hand Sanitizer (NDC: 74589-002-01)
** Esk Biochem Hand Sanitizer (NDC: 74589-007-01)
** CleanCare NoGerm Advanced Hand Sanitizer 75% Alcohol (NDC: 74589-008-04)
** Lavar 70 Gel Hand Sanitizer (NDC: 74589-006-01)
** The Good Gel Antibacterial Gel Hand Sanitizer (NDC: 74589-010-10)
** CleanCare NoGerm Advanced Hand Sanitizer 80% Alcohol (NDC: 74589-005-03)
** CleanCare NoGerm Advanced Hand Sanitizer 75% Alcohol (NDC: 74589-009-01)
** CleanCare NoGerm Advanced Hand Sanitizer 80% Alcohol (NDC: 74589-003-01)
** Saniderm Advanced Hand Sanitizer (NDC: 74589-001-01)
* Avoid touching [[Eye|eyes]], [[nose]], and [[mouth]] with unwashed hands
* Avoid touching [[Eye|eyes]], [[nose]], and [[mouth]] with unwashed hands
* Avoid close contact with people who are sick
* Avoid close contact with people who are sick
Line 27: Line 42:
** All procedures that may produce [[aerosols]], or involve high concentrations or large volumes should be conducted in a biological safety cabinet (BSC)
** All procedures that may produce [[aerosols]], or involve high concentrations or large volumes should be conducted in a biological safety cabinet (BSC)
** The use of [[Needle|needles]], [[Syringe|syringes]], and other sharp objects should be strictly limited. Additional precautions should be considered with work involving animals or large scale activities
** The use of [[Needle|needles]], [[Syringe|syringes]], and other sharp objects should be strictly limited. Additional precautions should be considered with work involving animals or large scale activities
**Disinfect surfaces with 75% ethanol, peracetic acid, chlorine, and UV disinfection or hot water bath at 56 °C(132.8 °F) for 30 minutes


====Public policy====
====Public Policy====
According to a modeling study
Interventions to mitigate early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore: a modelling study by the Singapore Ministry of Health in 2020 stated<ref name="pmid32213332">{{cite journal| author=Koo JR, Cook AR, Park M, Sun Y, Sun H, Lim JT | display-authors=etal| title=Interventions to mitigate early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore: a modelling study. | journal=Lancet Infect Dis | year= 2020 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=32213332 | doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30162-6 | pmc=7158571 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32213332  }} </ref>:
<ref name="KooCook2020">{{cite journal|last1=Koo|first1=Joel R|last2=Cook|first2=Alex R|last3=Park|first3=Minah|last4=Sun|first4=Yinxiaohe|last5=Sun|first5=Haoyang|last6=Lim|first6=Jue Tao|last7=Tam|first7=Clarence|last8=Dickens|first8=Borame L|title=Interventions to mitigate early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore: a modelling study|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|year=2020|issn=14733099|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30162-6}}</ref>:
* “Implementing the combined intervention of quarantining infected individuals and their family members, workplace distancing, and school closure once community transmission has been detected could substantially reduce the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections.”
"Implementing the combined intervention of  
* “Quarantine and workplace distancing should be prioritized over school closure because at this early stage, symptomatic children have higher withdrawal rates from school than do symptomatic adults from work”
* quarantining infected individuals and their family members,  
* “At higher asymptomatic proportions, intervention effectiveness might be substantially reduced requiring the need for effective case management and treatments, and preventive measures such as vaccines.”
* workplace distancing, and  
* school closure once community transmission has been detected  
...could substantially reduce the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections."


Similar findings have been modeled by the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling
The projected benefit of social distancing is: Reduced local and global total COVID-19 spread and related mortality
<ref>{{Cite conference| last1 = Ferguson| first1 = N.| last2 = Laydon| first2 = D.| last3 = Nedjati Gilani| first3 = G.| last4 = Imai| first4 = N.| last5 = Ainslie| first5 = K.| last6 = Baguelin| first6 = M.| last7 = Bhatia| first7 = S.| last8 = Boonyasiri| first8 = A.| last9 = Cucunuba Perez| first9 = Zulma| last10 = Cuomo-Dannenburg| first10 = G.| last11 = Dighe| first11 = A.| last12 = Dorigatti| first12 = I.| last13 = Fu| first13 = H.| last14 = Gaythorpe| first14 = K.| last15 = Green| first15 = W.| last16 = Hamlet| first16 = A.| last17 = Hinsley| first17 = W.| last18 = Okell| first18 = L.| last19 = Van Elsland| first19 = S.| last20 = Thompson| first20 = H.| last21 = Verity| first21 = R.| last22 = Volz| first22 = E.| last23 = Wang| first23 = H.| last24 = Wang| first24 = Y.| last25 = Walker| first25 = P.| last26 = Winskill| first26 = P.| last27 = Whittaker| first27 = C.| last28 = Donnelly| first28 = C.| last29 = Riley| first29 = S.| last30 = Ghani| first30 = A.| title = Report 9: Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand| accessdate = 2020-03-25| date = 2020-03-16| url = http://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/handle/10044/1/77482}}</ref>.
 
Similar findings have been modeled by the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centee for Infectious Disease Modelling<ref>{{Cite conference| last1 = Ferguson| first1 = N.| last2 = Laydon| first2 = D.| last3 = Nedjati Gilani| first3 = G.| last4 = Imai| first4 = N.| last5 = Ainslie| first5 = K.| last6 = Baguelin| first6 = M.| last7 = Bhatia| first7 = S.| last8 = Boonyasiri| first8 = A.| last9 = Cucunuba Perez| first9 = Zulma| last10 = Cuomo-Dannenburg| first10 = G.| last11 = Dighe| first11 = A.| last12 = Dorigatti| first12 = I.| last13 = Fu| first13 = H.| last14 = Gaythorpe| first14 = K.| last15 = Green| first15 = W.| last16 = Hamlet| first16 = A.| last17 = Hinsley| first17 = W.| last18 = Okell| first18 = L.| last19 = Van Elsland| first19 = S.| last20 = Thompson| first20 = H.| last21 = Verity| first21 = R.| last22 = Volz| first22 = E.| last23 = Wang| first23 = H.| last24 = Wang| first24 = Y.| last25 = Walker| first25 = P.| last26 = Winskill| first26 = P.| last27 = Whittaker| first27 = C.| last28 = Donnelly| first28 = C.| last29 = Riley| first29 = S.| last30 = Ghani| first30 = A.| title = Report 9: Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand| accessdate = 2020-03-25| date = 2020-03-16| url = http://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/handle/10044/1/77482}}</ref>.


Other preliminary research is available<ref name="LaiRuktanonchai2020">{{cite journal|last1=Lai|first1=Shengjie|last2=Ruktanonchai|first2=Nick W|last3=Zhou|first3=Liangcai|last4=Prosper|first4=Olivia|last5=Luo|first5=Wei|last6=Floyd|first6=Jessica R|last7=Wesolowski|first7=Amy|last8=Santillana|first8=Mauricio|last9=Zhang|first9=Chi|last10=Du|first10=Xiangjun|last11=Yu|first11=Hongjie|last12=Tatem|first12=Andrew J|title=Effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions for containing the COVID-19 outbreak in China|year=2020|doi=10.1101/2020.03.03.20029843}}</ref> including the impact of population mobility as measured with real-time human mobility data from an Internet provider ([http://ir.baidu.com/company-overview Baidu])<ref name="KraemerYang2020">{{cite journal|last1=Kraemer|first1=Moritz U.G.|last2=Yang|first2=Chia-Hung|last3=Gutierrez|first3=Bernardo|last4=Wu|first4=Chieh-Hsi|last5=Klein|first5=Brennan|last6=Pigott|first6=David M.|last7=du Plessis|first7=Louis|last8=Faria|first8=Nuno R|last9=Li|first9=Ruoran|last10=Hanage|first10=William P.|last11=Brownstein|first11=John S|last12=Layan|first12=Maylis|last13=Vespignani|first13=Alessandro|last14=Tian|first14=Huaiyu|last15=Dye|first15=Christopher|last16=Cauchemez|first16=Simon|last17=Pybus|first17=Oliver|last18=Scarpino|first18=Samuel V|title=The effect of human mobility and control measures on the COVID-19 epidemic in China|year=2020|doi=10.1101/2020.03.02.20026708}}</ref>.
Other preliminary research is available<ref name="LaiRuktanonchai2020">{{cite journal|last1=Lai|first1=Shengjie|last2=Ruktanonchai|first2=Nick W|last3=Zhou|first3=Liangcai|last4=Prosper|first4=Olivia|last5=Luo|first5=Wei|last6=Floyd|first6=Jessica R|last7=Wesolowski|first7=Amy|last8=Santillana|first8=Mauricio|last9=Zhang|first9=Chi|last10=Du|first10=Xiangjun|last11=Yu|first11=Hongjie|last12=Tatem|first12=Andrew J|title=Effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions for containing the COVID-19 outbreak in China|year=2020|doi=10.1101/2020.03.03.20029843}}</ref> including the impact of population mobility as measured with real-time human mobility data from an Internet provider ([http://ir.baidu.com/company-overview Baidu])<ref name="KraemerYang2020">{{cite journal|last1=Kraemer|first1=Moritz U.G.|last2=Yang|first2=Chia-Hung|last3=Gutierrez|first3=Bernardo|last4=Wu|first4=Chieh-Hsi|last5=Klein|first5=Brennan|last6=Pigott|first6=David M.|last7=du Plessis|first7=Louis|last8=Faria|first8=Nuno R|last9=Li|first9=Ruoran|last10=Hanage|first10=William P.|last11=Brownstein|first11=John S|last12=Layan|first12=Maylis|last13=Vespignani|first13=Alessandro|last14=Tian|first14=Huaiyu|last15=Dye|first15=Christopher|last16=Cauchemez|first16=Simon|last17=Pybus|first17=Oliver|last18=Scarpino|first18=Samuel V|title=The effect of human mobility and control measures on the COVID-19 epidemic in China|year=2020|doi=10.1101/2020.03.02.20026708}}</ref>.


Human mobility has been measured by the Internet provider [http://ir.baidu.com/company-overview Baidu] and [https://www.unacast.com/covid19/social-distancing-scoreboard Unacast].
Human mobility has been measured by the Internet provider [http://ir.baidu.com/company-overview Baidu] and [https://www.unacast.com/covid19/social-distancing-scoreboard Unacast].
===== Masks mandate =====
The projective benefit of a masks mandate in the United States has been modeled for 2020<ref>
IHME COVID-19 Forecasting Team. Modeling COVID-19 scenarios for the United States. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-1132-9</ref>.


=== Handling and Storage ===
=== Handling and Storage ===
Line 48: Line 66:
* Spills
* Spills
** Allow [[Aerosol|aerosols]] to settle and, wearing protective clothing, gently cover spill with paper towels and apply an appropriate [[disinfectant]], starting at the perimeter and working towards the center
** Allow [[Aerosol|aerosols]] to settle and, wearing protective clothing, gently cover spill with paper towels and apply an appropriate [[disinfectant]], starting at the perimeter and working towards the center
** Allow sufficient contact time before clean up
** Allow sufficient contact time before the clean up
* Disposal
* Disposal
**[[Decontamination|Decontaminate]] all wastes that contain or have come in contact with the [[infectious]] [[organism]] before disposing by [[autoclave]], [[disinfection|chemical disinfection]], [[gamma irradiation]], or [[incineration]].
**[[Decontamination|Decontaminate]] all wastes that contain or have come in contact with the [[infectious]] [[organism]] before disposing by [[autoclave]], [[disinfection|chemical disinfection]], [[gamma irradiation]], or [[incineration]].
Line 54: Line 72:
** The [[infectious agent]] should be stored in leak-proof containers that are appropriately labeled
** The [[infectious agent]] should be stored in leak-proof containers that are appropriately labeled


=== CDC Recommendations Regarding 2019-nCoV Infection ===
=== CDC Recommendations Regarding COVID-19 ===


* While the immediate risk of this new virus to the American public is believed to be low at this time, everyone can do their part to help in responding to this emerging public health threat:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/summary.html|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
* While the immediate risk of this new virus to the American public is believed to be low at this time, everyone can do their part to help in responding to this emerging public health threat:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/summary.html|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>


** The fact that it is currently [[flu]] and [[respiratory disease]] season, [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] recommends getting a [[flu vaccine]], taking everyday preventive actions to help stop the spread of [[Germ|germs]], and taking [[flu]] [[antivirals]] if prescribed.
:* The fact that it is currently [[flu]] and [[respiratory disease]] season, [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] recommends getting a [[flu vaccine]], taking everyday preventive actions to help stop the spread of [[Germ|germs]], and taking [[flu]] [[antivirals]] if prescribed.
**[[Health care provider|Healthcare providers]] are advised to be on the look-out for people who recently traveled from China and have [[fever]] and [[Respiratory system|respiratory]] [[Symptom|symptoms]].
:*[[Health care provider|Healthcare providers]] are advised to be on the look-out for people who recently traveled from China and have [[fever]] and [[Respiratory system|respiratory]] [[Symptom|symptoms]].
**[[Health care provider|Healthcare providers]] caring for [[2019-nCoV]] [[Patient|patients]] or [[public health]] responders are advised to take care of themselves and follow recommended [[infection]] control procedures.
:*[[Health care provider|Healthcare providers]] caring for [[2019-nCoV]] [[Patient|patients]] or [[public health]] responders are advised to take care of themselves and follow recommended [[infection]] control procedures.
** People who have had close contact with someone [[Infection|infected]] with [[2019-nCoV]] and are [[symptomatic]] should contact their [[Health care provider|healthcare provider]] and tell them about their [[Symptom|symptoms]] and exposure to a [[2019-nCoV]] patient.
:* People who have had close contact with someone [[Infection|infected]] with [[2019-nCoV]] and are [[symptomatic]] should contact their [[Health care provider|healthcare provider]] and tell them about their [[Symptom|symptoms]] and exposure to a [[SARS-CoV-2]] patient.
:*In areas where [[SARS-CoV-2]] is prevalent, all residents should be encouraged to remain alert for symptoms and practice social distancing by staying home the maximum amount as possible and maintaining six feet (two meters) distance from others once they must leave the house.<ref>{{cite web |url=+https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/public-health-recommendations.html+ |title=Public Health Guidance for community-related Exposure &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=7/12/2020}}</ref>
:*For those strolling back from international travel (including sea trip) and people who have had close contact with a patient with suspected or confirmed [[COVID-19]] (including during the 48 hours before that patient developing symptoms), [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] recommends self-quarantine at home for 14 days and has emphasized n maintaining six feet (two meters) distance from others family members.
:*During the self-quarantine after returning from travel, contacting individuals at high risk for severe illness (unless they are household members with the same exposure) should be avoided.
:*During the self-quarantine, the temperature should be checked twice daily with monitoring for [[fever]], [[cough]], or [[dyspnea]]. If they develop such clinical manifestations, they must still reside home far from other household members and call their medical providers.<ref>{{cite web |url=+https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/public-health-recommendations.html+ |title=Public Health Guidance for community-related Exposure &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=7/12/2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/risk-assessment.html |title=Public Health Guidance for Potential COVID-19 Exposure Associated with International Travel or Cruise Travel &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=7/12/2020}}</ref>
:*During the 14-day post-exposure period, asymptomatic individuals can return to work with symptom and temperature monitoring, mask use, social distancing, and workplace disinfection.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/critical-workers/implementing-safety-practices.html |title=Implementing Safety Practices for Critical Infrastructure Workers Who May Have Had Exposure to a Person with Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19 &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=7/12/2020}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}

Latest revision as of 02:49, 9 December 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2] Tayyaba Ali, M.D.[3]

Overiew

There is currently no vaccine to prevent COVID-19. The best way to prevent infection is to avoid being exposed to this virus. The fact that it is currently flu and respiratory disease season, CDC recommends getting a flu vaccine, taking everyday preventive actions to help stop the spread of germs, and taking flu antivirals if prescribed. Healthcare providers are advised to be on the look-out for people who recently traveled from China and have fever and respiratory symptoms.

Primary Prevention

Vaccination

Trials of vaccination are available[1][2] .

Exposure Control

2019-nCoV

There is currently no vaccine to prevent COVID-19. The best way to prevent infection is to avoid being exposed to this virus. The following practices should be adopted for infection control:[3]

  • Hand washing often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
  • Using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol if soap and water are not available
  • FDA advises consumers not to use any hand sanitizer manufactured by Eskbiochem SA de CV in Mexico, due to the potential presence of methanol (wood alcohol), a substance that can be toxic when absorbed through the skin or ingested. FDA has identified the following products manufactured by Eskbiochem:[4]
    • All-Clean Hand Sanitizer (NDC: 74589-002-01)
    • Esk Biochem Hand Sanitizer (NDC: 74589-007-01)
    • CleanCare NoGerm Advanced Hand Sanitizer 75% Alcohol (NDC: 74589-008-04)
    • Lavar 70 Gel Hand Sanitizer (NDC: 74589-006-01)
    • The Good Gel Antibacterial Gel Hand Sanitizer (NDC: 74589-010-10)
    • CleanCare NoGerm Advanced Hand Sanitizer 80% Alcohol (NDC: 74589-005-03)
    • CleanCare NoGerm Advanced Hand Sanitizer 75% Alcohol (NDC: 74589-009-01)
    • CleanCare NoGerm Advanced Hand Sanitizer 80% Alcohol (NDC: 74589-003-01)
    • Saniderm Advanced Hand Sanitizer (NDC: 74589-001-01)
  • Avoid touching eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands
  • Avoid close contact with people who are sick
  • Stay home when symptomatic
  • Cover cough or sneeze with a tissue paper, then throw the tissue in the trash
  • Clean and disinfect frequently touched objects and surfaces
  • Protective clothing:
    • Lab coats, gloves when direct skin contact with infected materials or animals is unavoidable
    • Eye protection must be used where there is a known or potential risk of exposure to splashes
  • Miscellaneous:
    • All procedures that may produce aerosols, or involve high concentrations or large volumes should be conducted in a biological safety cabinet (BSC)
    • The use of needles, syringes, and other sharp objects should be strictly limited. Additional precautions should be considered with work involving animals or large scale activities
    • Disinfect surfaces with 75% ethanol, peracetic acid, chlorine, and UV disinfection or hot water bath at 56 °C(132.8 °F) for 30 minutes

Public Policy

Interventions to mitigate early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore: a modelling study by the Singapore Ministry of Health in 2020 stated[5]:

  • “Implementing the combined intervention of quarantining infected individuals and their family members, workplace distancing, and school closure once community transmission has been detected could substantially reduce the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections.”
  • “Quarantine and workplace distancing should be prioritized over school closure because at this early stage, symptomatic children have higher withdrawal rates from school than do symptomatic adults from work”
  • “At higher asymptomatic proportions, intervention effectiveness might be substantially reduced requiring the need for effective case management and treatments, and preventive measures such as vaccines.”

The projected benefit of social distancing is: Reduced local and global total COVID-19 spread and related mortality

Similar findings have been modeled by the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centee for Infectious Disease Modelling[6].

Other preliminary research is available[7] including the impact of population mobility as measured with real-time human mobility data from an Internet provider (Baidu)[8].

Human mobility has been measured by the Internet provider Baidu and Unacast.

Masks mandate

The projective benefit of a masks mandate in the United States has been modeled for 2020[9].

Handling and Storage

CDC Recommendations Regarding COVID-19

  • While the immediate risk of this new virus to the American public is believed to be low at this time, everyone can do their part to help in responding to this emerging public health threat:[10]
  • The fact that it is currently flu and respiratory disease season, CDC recommends getting a flu vaccine, taking everyday preventive actions to help stop the spread of germs, and taking flu antivirals if prescribed.
  • Healthcare providers are advised to be on the look-out for people who recently traveled from China and have fever and respiratory symptoms.
  • Healthcare providers caring for 2019-nCoV patients or public health responders are advised to take care of themselves and follow recommended infection control procedures.
  • People who have had close contact with someone infected with 2019-nCoV and are symptomatic should contact their healthcare provider and tell them about their symptoms and exposure to a SARS-CoV-2 patient.
  • In areas where SARS-CoV-2 is prevalent, all residents should be encouraged to remain alert for symptoms and practice social distancing by staying home the maximum amount as possible and maintaining six feet (two meters) distance from others once they must leave the house.[11]
  • For those strolling back from international travel (including sea trip) and people who have had close contact with a patient with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 (including during the 48 hours before that patient developing symptoms), CDC recommends self-quarantine at home for 14 days and has emphasized n maintaining six feet (two meters) distance from others family members.
  • During the self-quarantine after returning from travel, contacting individuals at high risk for severe illness (unless they are household members with the same exposure) should be avoided.
  • During the self-quarantine, the temperature should be checked twice daily with monitoring for fever, cough, or dyspnea. If they develop such clinical manifestations, they must still reside home far from other household members and call their medical providers.[12][13]
  • During the 14-day post-exposure period, asymptomatic individuals can return to work with symptom and temperature monitoring, mask use, social distancing, and workplace disinfection.[14]

References

  1. ↑ Voysey, Merryn (2020). "Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK". Lancet: 1–55. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32661-1.
  2. ↑ Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Meeting. Available at https://www.fda.gov/media/144245/download
  3. ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ↑ https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-advises-consumers-not-use-hand-sanitizer-products-manufactured-eskbiochem.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ↑ Koo JR, Cook AR, Park M, Sun Y, Sun H, Lim JT; et al. (2020). "Interventions to mitigate early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore: a modelling study". Lancet Infect Dis. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30162-6. PMC 7158571 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32213332 Check |pmid= value (help).
  6. ↑ Ferguson, N.; Laydon, D.; Nedjati Gilani, G.; Imai, N.; Ainslie, K.; Baguelin, M.; Bhatia, S.; Boonyasiri, A.; Cucunuba Perez, Zulma; Cuomo-Dannenburg, G.; Dighe, A.; Dorigatti, I.; Fu, H.; Gaythorpe, K.; Green, W.; Hamlet, A.; Hinsley, W.; Okell, L.; Van Elsland, S.; Thompson, H.; Verity, R.; Volz, E.; Wang, H.; Wang, Y.; Walker, P.; Winskill, P.; Whittaker, C.; Donnelly, C.; Riley, S.; Ghani, A. (2020-03-16). Report 9: Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
  7. ↑ Lai, Shengjie; Ruktanonchai, Nick W; Zhou, Liangcai; Prosper, Olivia; Luo, Wei; Floyd, Jessica R; Wesolowski, Amy; Santillana, Mauricio; Zhang, Chi; Du, Xiangjun; Yu, Hongjie; Tatem, Andrew J (2020). "Effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions for containing the COVID-19 outbreak in China". doi:10.1101/2020.03.03.20029843.
  8. ↑ Kraemer, Moritz U.G.; Yang, Chia-Hung; Gutierrez, Bernardo; Wu, Chieh-Hsi; Klein, Brennan; Pigott, David M.; du Plessis, Louis; Faria, Nuno R; Li, Ruoran; Hanage, William P.; Brownstein, John S; Layan, Maylis; Vespignani, Alessandro; Tian, Huaiyu; Dye, Christopher; Cauchemez, Simon; Pybus, Oliver; Scarpino, Samuel V (2020). "The effect of human mobility and control measures on the COVID-19 epidemic in China". doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.20026708.
  9. ↑ IHME COVID-19 Forecasting Team. Modeling COVID-19 scenarios for the United States. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-1132-9
  10. ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/summary.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ [+https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/public-health-recommendations.html+ "Public Health Guidance for community-related Exposure | CDC"] Check |url= value (help). Retrieved 7/12/2020. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  12. ↑ [+https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/public-health-recommendations.html+ "Public Health Guidance for community-related Exposure | CDC"] Check |url= value (help). Retrieved 7/12/2020. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  13. ↑ "Public Health Guidance for Potential COVID-19 Exposure Associated with International Travel or Cruise Travel | CDC". Retrieved 7/12/2020. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  14. ↑ "Implementing Safety Practices for Critical Infrastructure Workers Who May Have Had Exposure to a Person with Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19 | CDC". Retrieved 7/12/2020. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
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