Brain abscess medical therapy: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 20:40, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sheng Shi, M.D. [2]

Overview

The treatment of brain abscess includes prompt administration of antimicrobial therapy upon suspicion and occasionally drainage to reduce the mass effect. Empiric antimicrobial therapy among otherwise healthy individuals includes metronidazole and either cefotaxime or ceftriaxone. Patients with co-morbidities may require alternative antimicrobial therapies. Administration of steroid therapy is generally not recommended and is only indicated among patients who have brain abscesses with mass effect.

Medical Therapy

Prompt administration of antimicrobial therapy is indicated among all patients with brain abscesses.
Neurosurgery should always be consulted upon diagnosis. The decision of whether to surgically drain, aspirate, or simply administer antimicrobial therapy depends on the number of abscesses, their size, and their location. To learn more about indications of surgical vs. aspiration drainage, click here.
Stereotactic needle biopsy can be performed to obtain tissues for cultures.
A follow-up head CT scan or MRI is usually indicated at 2-4 weeks of follow-up. The improvement on imaging is often delayed compared to clinical improvement.

Antimicrobial Regimen

1. Empiric antimicrobial therapy^[1]^[2]

Note: The optimal duration of antimicrobial therapy remains unclear. A 4- to 6-week course of treatment is usually required.

1.1 Brain abscess in otherwise healthy patients

Preferred regimen (1): (Cefotaxime 8–12 g/day IV q4–6h OR Ceftriaxone 4 g/day IV q12h) AND Metronidazole 30 mg/kg/day IV q6h
Alternative regimen (1): Meropenem 6 g/day IV q8h

1.2 Brain abscess with comorbidities

1.2.1 Otitis media, mastoiditis, or sinusitis

Preferred regimen (1): (Cefotaxime 8–12 g/day q4–6h OR Ceftriaxone 4 g/day q12h) AND Metronidazole 30 mg/kg/day q6h

1.2.2 Dental infection

Preferred regimen: Penicillin G 4 MU IV q4h AND Metronidazole 30 mg/kg/day q6h

1.2.3 Penetrating trauma or post-neurosurgy

Preferred regimen (1): (Cefotaxime 8–12 g/day q4–6h OR Ceftriaxone 4 g/day q12h OR Cefepime 2 g IV q12h) AND Vancomycin 30–45 mg/kg/day q8–12h

1.2.4 Lung abscess, empyema, or bronchiectasis

Preferred regimen: Penicillin G 4 MU IV q4h AND Metronidazole 30 mg/kg/day q6h AND TMP-SMZ 10–20 mg/kg/day q6–12h

1.2.5 Bacterial endocarditis

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 30–45 mg/kg/day q8–12h AND Gentamicin 5 mg/kg/day IV q8h

1.2.6 Congenital heart disease

Preferred regimen (1): Cefotaxime 8–12 g/day q4–6h
Preferred regimen (2): Ceftriaxone 4 g/day q12h

1.2.7 Transplant recipients

Preferred regimen (1): (Cefotaxime 8–12 g/day q4–6h OR Ceftriaxone 4 g/day q12h) AND Metronidazole 30 mg/kg/day q6h AND Voriconazole 8 mg/kg/day q12h AND (TMP-SMZ 10–20 mg/kg/day q6–12h OR Sulfadiazine 4–6 g/day q6h)

1.2.8 Patients with HIV/AIDS

Preferred regimen (1): (Cefotaxime 8–12 g/day q4–6h OR Ceftriaxone 4 g/day q12h) AND Sulfadiazine 4–6 g/day q6h AND Pyrimethamine 25–100 mg/day qd

1.2.9 Staphylococcus aureus coverage

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 30–45 mg/kg/day q8–12h

1.2.10 Mycobacterium tuberculosis coverage

Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 300 mg qd AND Rifampin 600 mg qd AND Pyrazinamide 15–30 mg qd AND Ethambutol 15 mg/kg/day qd

2. Pathogen-directed antimicrobial therapy^[3]^[4]^[5]

Note: The optimal duration of antimicrobial therapy remains unclear. A 4- to 6-week course of treatment is usually required.

2.1 Bacteria

2.1.1 Actinomyces

Preferred regimen: Penicillin G 4 MU IV q4h
Alternative regimen: Clindamycin 2400–4800 mg/day IV q6h

2.1.2 Bacteroides fragilis

Preferred regimen: Metronidazole 30 mg/kg/day IV q6h
Alternative regimen: Clindamycin 2400–4800 mg/day IV q6h

2.1.3 Enterobacteriaceae

Preferred regimen (1): Cefotaxime 2 g IV q4-6h
Preferred regimen (2): Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q12h
Preferred regimen (3): Cefepime 2 g IV q12h
Alternative regimen (1): Aztreonam 6–8 g/day IV q6–8h
Alternative regimen (2): TMP-SMZ 10–20 mg/kg/day q6–12h
Alternative regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 800–1200 mg/day IV q8–12h
Alternative regimen (4): Meropenem 2 g IV q8h

2.1.4 Fusobacterium

Preferred regimen: Metronidazole 30 mg/kg/day q6h
Alternative regimen (1): Clindamycin 2400–4800 mg/day IV q6h
Alternative regimen (2): Meropenem 2 g IV q8h

2.1.5 Haemophilus

Preferred regimen (1): Cefotaxime 2 g IV q4-6h
Preferred regimen (2): Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q12h
Preferred regimen (3): Cefepime 2 g IV q12h
Alternative regimen (1): Aztreonam 6–8 g/day IV q6–8h
Alternative regimen (2): TMP-SMZ 10–20 mg/kg/day q6–12h

2.1.6 Listeria monocytogenes

Preferred regimen (1): Ampicillin 12 g/day q4h
Preferred regimen (2): Penicillin G 4 MU IV q4h
Alternative regimen (1): TMP-SMZ 10–20 mg/kg/day q6–12h

2.1.7 Nocardia

Preferred regimen (1): TMP-SMZ 10–20 mg/kg/day q6–12h
Preferred regimen (2): Sulfadiazine 4–6 g/day q6h
Alternative regimen (1): Meropenem 2 g IV q8h
Alternative regimen (2): Cefotaxime 2 g IV q4-6h
Alternative regimen (3): Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q12h
Alternative regimen (4): Amikacin 15 mg/kg/day IV q8h

2.1.8 Prevotella melaninogenica

Preferred regimen (1): Metronidazole 30 mg/kg/day q6h
Alternative regimen (1): Clindamycin 2400–4800 mg/day IV q6h
Alternative regimen (2): Meropenem 2 g IV q8h

2.1.9 Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Preferred regimen (1): Ceftazidime 6 g/day q8h
Preferred regimen (2): Cefepime 6 g/day q8h
Alternative regimen (1): Aztreonam 6–8 g/day IV q6–8h
Alternative regimen (2): Ciprofloxacin 800–1200 mg/day IV q8–12h
Alternative regimen (3): Meropenem 2 g IV q8h

2.1.10 Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant (MRSA)

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 30–45 mg/kg/day IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
Alternative regimen (1): Linezolid 600 mg PO/IV q12h for 4–6 weeks
Alternative regimen (2):TMP-SMX 5 mg/kg/dose PO/IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
Pediatric dose (1): Vancomycin 15 mg/kg/dose IV q6h
Pediatric dose (2): Linezolid 10 mg/kg/dose PO/IV q8h
Note: Consider the addition of Rifampin 600 mg qd or 300–450 mg bid to vancomycin.

2.1.11 Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-susceptible (MSSA)

Preferred regimen (1): Nafcillin 2 g IV q4h
Preferred regimen (2): Oxacillin 2 g IV q4h
Alternative regimen: Vancomycin 30–45 mg/kg/day IV q8–12h

2.1.12 Streptococcus

Preferred regimen (1): Penicillin G 4 MU IV q4h
Preferred regimen (2): Ampicillin 2 g IV q4h
Alternative regimen (1): Cefotaxime 2 g IV q4-6h
Alternative regimen (2): Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q12h
Alternative regimen (3): Vancomycin 30–45 mg/kg/day IV q8–12h

2.2 Fungi

2.2.1 Aspergillus

Preferred regimen: Voriconazole 8 mg/kg/day q12h
Alternative regimen (1): Amphotericin B deoxycholate 0.6–1.0 mg/kg/day IV q24h
Alternative regimen (2): Amphotericin B lipid complex 5 mg/kg/day IV q24h
Alternative regimen (3): Itraconazole 400–600 mg/day IV q12h
Alternative regimen (4): Posaconazole 800 mg/kg/day IV q6–12h

2.2.2 Candida

Preferred regimen (1): Amphotericin B lipid complex 5 mg/kd/day q24h
Preferred regimen (2): Amphotericin B deoxycholate 15 mg/kg/day q8h
Alternative regimen: Fluconazole 400–800 mg/day IV q24h

2.2.3 Cryptococcus neoformans

Preferred regimen (1): Amphotericin B lipid complex 5 mg/kd/day q24h
Preferred regimen (2): Amphotericin B deoxycholate 15 mg/kg/day q8h
Alternative regimen: Fluconazole 400–800 mg/day IV q24h

2.2.4 Mucorales

Preferred regimen (1): Amphotericin B lipid complex 5 mg/kd/day q24h
Preferred regimen (2): Amphotericin B deoxycholate 15 mg/kg/day q8h
Alternative regimen: Posaconazole 800 mg/kg/day IV q6–12h

2.2.5 Pseudallescheria boydii (Scedosporium apiospermum)

Preferred regimen: Voriconazole 8 mg/kg/day q12h
Alternative regimen (1): Itraconazole 400–600 mg/day IV q12h
Alternative regimen (2):Posaconazole 800 mg/kg/day IV q6–12h

2.3 Protozoa

2.3.1 Toxoplasma gondii

Preferred regimen: Sulfadiazine 4–6 g/day q6h AND Pyrimethamine 25–100 mg/day qd
Alternative regimen (1): Pyrimethamine 25–100 mg/day qd AND Clindamycin 2400–4800 mg/day IV q6h
Alternative regimen (2): Pyrimethamine 25–100 mg/day qd AND (Azithromycin 1200–1500 mg/day IV q24h
Alternative regimen (3): Atovaquone 750 mg IV q6h
Alternative regimen (4): Dapsone 100 mg PO q24h
Alternative regimen (4): TMP-SMZ 10–20 mg/kg/day q6–12h

Other Pharmacologic Agents

Steroids

Administration of glucocorticoids is generally not recommended. However, glucorticoids are only indicated when the brain abscess has a mass effect, as suggested by findings on imaging.
Steroid regimen:

Preferred regimen: Dexamethasone 10 mg IV loading dose THEN 4 mg q6h until the mass effect is no longer observed on imaging.

References

↑ Bennett, John (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1455748013.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Bennett, John (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1455748013.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Liu, Catherine; Bayer, Arnold; Cosgrove, Sara E.; Daum, Robert S.; Fridkin, Scott K.; Gorwitz, Rachel J.; Kaplan, Sheldon L.; Karchmer, Adolf W.; Levine, Donald P.; Murray, Barbara E.; J Rybak, Michael; Talan, David A.; Chambers, Henry F.; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2011-02-01). "Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 52 (3): –18-55. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq146. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 21208910.

[1] Bennett, John (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1455748013.

[2] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[3] Bennett, John (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1455748013.

[4] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[5] Liu, Catherine; Bayer, Arnold; Cosgrove, Sara E.; Daum, Robert S.; Fridkin, Scott K.; Gorwitz, Rachel J.; Kaplan, Sheldon L.; Karchmer, Adolf W.; Levine, Donald P.; Murray, Barbara E.; J Rybak, Michael; Talan, David A.; Chambers, Henry F.; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2011-02-01). "Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 52 (3): –18-55. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq146. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 21208910.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
-{{CMG}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SS}}
 {{Brain abscess}}
-== Treatment ==
+==Overview==
+The treatment of brain abscess includes prompt administration of antimicrobial therapy upon suspicion and occasionally drainage to reduce the mass effect. Empiric antimicrobial therapy among otherwise healthy individuals includes [[metronidazole]] and either [[cefotaxime]] or [[ceftriaxone]]. Patients with co-morbidities may require alternative antimicrobial therapies. Administration of steroid therapy is generally not recommended and is only indicated among patients who have brain abscesses with mass effect.
-Treatment is generally a team approach and most reliably depends on obtaining tissue via a stereotactic needle Bx. Although randomized, controlled trials have not been done, the consensus is that abscesses > 3cm should be drained (if accessible).
+==Medical Therapy==
+*Prompt administration of antimicrobial therapy is indicated among all patients with brain abscesses.
+*Neurosurgery should always be consulted upon diagnosis. The decision of whether to surgically drain, aspirate, or simply administer antimicrobial therapy depends on the number of abscesses, their size, and their location. To learn more about indications of surgical vs. aspiration drainage, click [[Brain abscess surgery|'''here''']].
+*Stereotactic needle biopsy can be performed to obtain tissues for cultures.
+*A follow-up head CT scan or MRI is usually indicated at 2-4 weeks of follow-up. The improvement on imaging is often delayed compared to clinical improvement.
-The treatment includes lowering the increased intracranial pressure and starting intravenous [[antibiotic]]s (and meanwhile identifying the causative organism mainly by blood culture studies).
+==Antimicrobial Regimen==
+{{ID-Brain abscess}}
-Surgical drainage of the abscess remains part of the standard management of bacterial brain abscesses.  The location and treatment of the primary lesion also crucial, as is the removal of any foreign material (bone, dirt, bullets, and so forth).
+==Other Pharmacologic Agents==
+===Steroids===
-There are a few exceptions to this rule: ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' [[meningitis]] is often associated with subdural effusions that are mistaken for subdural empyemas. These effusions resolve with antibiotics and require no surgical treatment. [[Tuberculosis]] can produce brain abscesses that look identical to bacterial abscesses on [[CT]] imaging and surgical drainage or aspiration is often necessary to make the diagnosis, but once the diagnosis is made no further surgical intervention is necessary.
+*Administration of glucocorticoids is generally not recommended. However, glucorticoids are only indicated when the brain abscess has a mass effect, as suggested by findings on imaging.
+*Steroid regimen:
-*Antibiotics: Brain abscesses are usually polymicrobial, with the most common bugs being microaerophilic ''[[streptococci]]'' (viridans) and anaerobic bacteria (bacteroides, anaerobic strep and [[fusobacterium]]).
+:*Preferred regimen: [[Dexamethasone]] 10 mg IV loading dose {{then}} 4 mg q6h until the mass effect is no longer observed on imaging.
-:* ''[[S. aureus]]'', and enterobacteriacae are also seen.
-:* Bugs associated with [[trauma]] include ''[[S. aureus]]'' and ''[[clostridium]]'' sp.
-:* Empiric Rx usually starts with high-dose PCN (10 – 20 million units / d), [[metronidazole]], +/- a 3rd gen [[cephalosporin]].
-::* Even if the abscess is associated with a dental procedure and other organisms are considered ([[actinomyces]] sp.) they generally respond to the above Rx.
-::* If extending from an [[otitis]], empiric Rx should also cover ''[[pseudomonas]]'' and enterobacteriacaea.
-::* If hematogenously spread, coverage depends on the original bug.
-*The penetration of abx into an abscess does not necessarily equate with their penetration into the [[CSF]] (the blood-brain barrier is not the same as the blood-CSF barrier).
-:* Drugs like [[vancomycin]], which have poor [[CSF]] levels (<10% of serum) have been shown to have good abscess levels (90% of serum).
-* Most patients are treated parenterally for at least 8w.
-:* Some authors also recommend an additional 2 – 3 month course of oral abx to clear up any ‘residual’ infection and to prevent relapses.
-:* One study actually suggests that, when combined with surgical excision, 3w may be adequate.
-:* Other studies have reported good outcomes with abx alone in patients with small lesions (<2cm), in well vascularized areas (cortex), who were poor surgical candidates.
-* There have not been any studies reporting benefit from intra-thecal or intra-abscess abx.
-* There seems to be consensus on obtaining q 2 – 4w f/u [[CT]]/[[MRI]] scans to document resolution.
-==== Adjuvants ====
-:* Although steroids have not been studies in well-designed trials, many authors use them in patients with elevated ICP.
-:* Some animal studies suggest interference with granulation tissue formation and bacterial clearance.
-:* [[Anticonvulsant]]s are recommended prophylactically for the 1st 3m, though the data supporting this is lacking.
-==Brain Abscess Empiric Therapy<SMALL><SMALL><SMALL><SMALL><SMALL>Adapted from ''Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy (2010)'';</ref></SMALL></SMALL></SMALL></SMALL></SMALL>==
-<font color="#FF4C4C">'''Click on the following categories to expand treatment regimens.'''</font>
-{|
-| valign=top |
-<div style="border-radius: 5px 5px 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; border-bottom: 0px; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #A1BCDD; text-align: center;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-'''Empiric Therapy'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table01" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Otitis media or mastoiditis'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table02" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Sinusitis '''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table03" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Dental infection'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table04" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Penetrating trauma'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table04b" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Postsurgical'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table05" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Pulmonary resource'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table06" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Bacterial endocarditis'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table07" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Congenital heart disease'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table08" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 5px 5px; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background:#4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Unknown'''
-</font>
-</div>
-| valign=top |
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table01" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Otitis media or mastoiditis}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Metronidazole]] 500 mg/kg q8h'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Cefotaxime]] 8-12 g/day IV q4-6h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸'''''[[Ceftriaxone]] 2 g IV q12h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table02" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Sinusitis}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Metronidazole]] 500 mg/kg q8h'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Cefotaxime]] 8-12 g/day IV q4-6h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸'''''[[Ceftriaxone]] 2 g IV q12h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table03" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Dental infection}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Penicillin G]] 4 million U IV q4h'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Metronidazole]] 500 mg/kg q8h
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table04" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Penetrating trauma or postneurosurgical}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Vancomycin]] 30-45 mg/kg IV q8-12h'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Cefotaxime]] 8-12 g/day IV q4-6h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸'''''[[Ceftriaxone]] 2 g IV q12h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table04b" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Penetrating trauma or postneurosurgical}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Vancomycin]] 30-45 mg/kg IV q8-12h'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Cefotaxime]] 8-12 g/day IV q4-6h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸'''''[[Ceftriaxone]] 2 g IV q12h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table05" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Lung abscess, empyema, bronchiectasis}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Penicillin G]] 4 million U IV q4h'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Metronidazole]] 500 mg q8h'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Sulfonamide]] 500 mg q8h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table06" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Bacterial endocarditis}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen<sup>#</sup>'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Vancomycin]] 30-45 mg/kg IV q8-12h'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Sulfamethoxazole]]: 18.75-37.5 mg/kg/day IV/po q6-12h
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Gentamicin]] 1.7 mg/kg IV q8h
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table07" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Congenital heart disease}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Cefotaxime]] 8-12 g/day IV q4-6h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸'''''[[Ceftriaxone]] 2 g IV q12h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table08" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Unknown}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Vancomycin]] 30-45 mg/kg IV q8-12h'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Metronidazole]] 500 mg q8h'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Cefotaxime]] 8-12 g/day IV q4-6h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸'''''[[Ceftriaxone]] 2 g IV q12h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-|}
-==Brain Absecss Special Pathogen==
-<font color="#FF4C4C">'''Click on the following categories to expand treatment regimens.'''</font>
-{|
-| valign=top |
-<div style="border-radius: 5px 5px 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; border-bottom: 0px; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #A1BCDD; text-align: center;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-'''Bacteria Brain Abscess'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table01" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Actinomyces spp.'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table02" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Bacteroides fragilis'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table03" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Enterobacteriaceae'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table04" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Fusobacterium spp.'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table05" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 5px 5px; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background:#4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Haemophilus spp.'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table06" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 5px 5px; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background:#4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Listeria monocytogenes'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table07" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 5px 5px; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background:#4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table08" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 5px 5px; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background:#4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Nocardia spp.'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table09" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 5px 5px; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background:#4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Prevotella melaninogenica'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table10" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 5px 5px; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background:#4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table11" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 5px 5px; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background:#4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Staphylococcus aureus'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table12" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 5px 5px; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background:#4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Streptococcus anginosus'''
-</font>
-</div>
-| valign=top |
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table01" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Actinomyces spp.}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Penicillin G]] 2 gm IV q4h'''''
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Alternative Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Clindamycin]] 600-1200 mg q6h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table02" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Bacteroides fragilis}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Metronidazole]] 500 mg/kg q8h
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Alternative Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Clindamycin]] 600-1200 mg q6h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table03" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Bacteroides fragilis}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Cefotaxime]] 8-12 g/day IV q4-6h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸'''''[[Ceftriaxone]] 2 g IV q12h'''''
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Alternative Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Aztreonam]] 6-8 g/day IV q6-8h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole]] 10-20 mg/kg q6-12h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Fluoroquinolone]]'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Meropenem]] 2 g PO q8h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table04" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Fusobacterium spp.}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Penicillin G]] 4 million U IV q4h'''''
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Alternative Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Clindamycin]] 600-1200 mg q6h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table05" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Haemophilus spp.}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Cefotaxime]] 8-12 g/day IV q4-6h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Ceftriaxone]] 2 g IV q12h'''''
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Alternative Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Aztreonam]] 6-8 g/day IV q6-8h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>
-▸ '''''[[Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole]] 10-20 mg/kg q6-12h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table06" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Listeria monocytogenes}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Ampicillin]] 2 g IV q4h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Penicillin G]] 4 million U IV q4h'''''
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Alternative Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole]] 10-20 mg/kg q6-12h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table07" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Mycobacterium tuberculosis}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Isoniazid]] 300 mg PO qd'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Rifampin]] 600 mg PO qd'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Pyrazinamide ]] 15-30 mg/kg PO qd'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS OR NOT
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Ethambutol]] 15 mg/kg PO qd'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table08" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Nocardia spp.}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole]] 10-20 mg/kg IV q6-12h''''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Sulfadiazine]] 1-1.5 g PO q6h'''''
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Alternative Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Minocycline]]'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Imipenem]]'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Meropenem]] 2 g PO q8h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Cefotaxime]] 8-12 g/day IV q4-6h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Ceftriaxone]] 2 g IV q12h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Amikacin]] 5 mg/kg IV q8h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table09" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Prevotella melaninogenica}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Metronidazole]] 500 mg/kg q8h'''''
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Alternative Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Clindamycin]] 600-1200 mg q6h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Cefotaxime]] 2 g IV q8h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table10" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Pseudomonas aeruginosa}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Ceftazidime]] 2 g IV q8h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Cefepime]] 2 g IV q8h'''''
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Alternative Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Aztreonam]] 6-8 g/day IV q6-8h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Fluoroquinolone]]'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Meropenem]] 2 g IV q8h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table11" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Staphylococcus aureus;Methicillin-sensitive}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Nafcillin]] 1.5-2 g IV q4h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Oxacillin]] 1.5-2 g IV q4h'''''
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Alternative Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Vancomycin]] 30-45 mg/kg IV q8-12h'''''
-|-
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Staphylococcus aureus;Methicillin-resistant}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Vancomycin]] 30-45 mg/kg IV q8-12h'''''
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Alternative Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]] 10-20 mg/kg IV q6-12h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table12" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Streptococcus anginosus (milleri) group, other streptococci}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Penicillin G]] 4 million U IV q4h'''''
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Alternative Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Cefotaxime]] 8-12 g/day IV q4-6h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Ceftriaxone]] 2 g IV q12h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Vancomycin]] 30-45 mg/kg IV q8-12h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-|}
-==Fungal Brain Abscess==
-<font color="#FF4C4C">'''Click on the following categories to expand treatment regimens.'''</font>
-{|
-| valign=top |
-<div style="border-radius: 5px 5px 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; border-bottom: 0px; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #A1BCDD; text-align: center;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-'''Fungal Brain Abscess'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table13" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Aspergillus spp.'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table14" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Candida spp.'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table15" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Cryptococcus neoformans'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table16" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 0 0; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background: #4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Mucorales'''
-</font>
-</div>
-<div class="mw-customtoggle-table17" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 0 5px 5px; border: solid 1px #20538D; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); height: 30px; line-height: 30px; width: 225px; background:#4479BA;">
-<font color="#FFF">
-&nbsp;&nbsp;▸&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Scedosporium spp.'''
-</font>
-</div>
-| valign=top |
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table13" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Aspergillus spp.}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Voriconazole]] Load with 6 mg/kg IV q12h for two doses then 4 mg/kg q12h'''''
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Alternative Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Amphotericin B deoxycholate]]'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Liposomal amphotericin B]] 5 mg/kg IV qd'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Amphotericin B lipid complex]]'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Itraconazole]] 400 mg IV  q12h '''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Posaconazole]] 200-400 mg q6-12h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table14" style="background: #FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Candida spp.}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Amphotericin B deoxycholate]]'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>
-▸ '''''[[Liposomal amphotericin B]] 5 mg/kg IV qd'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Amphotericin B lipid complex]]'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Flucytosine]] 25 mg/kg PO q6h'''''
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Alternative Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Fluconazole]] 400-800 mg IV qd'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table15" style="background:#FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Cryptococcus neoformans}}
-|-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸'''''[[Amphotericin B deoxycholate]]'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>
-▸ '''''[[Liposomal amphotericin B]] 5 mg/kg IV qd'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Amphotericin B lipid complex]]'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | PLUS
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸'''''[[Flucytosine]] 25 mg/kg PO q6h'''''
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center |'''''Alternative Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸'''''[[Fluconazole]] 400-800 mg IV qd'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table16" style="background:#FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Mucorales}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸'''''[[Amphotericin B deoxycholate]]'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>
-▸ '''''[[Liposomal amphotericin B]] 5 mg/kg IV qd'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Amphotericin B lipid complex]]'''''
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center |'''''Alternative Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Posaconazole]] 200-400 mg q6-12h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-table17" style="background:#FFFFFF;"
-| valign=top |
-{| style="float: left; cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 400px;"
-! style="height: 30px; line-height: 30px; background: #4479BA; border: 0px; font-size: 100%; text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);" align=center |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Scedosporium spp.}}
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center | '''''Preferred Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Voriconazole]] Load with 6 mg/kg IV q12h for two doses then 4 mg/kg q12h'''''
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center |'''''Alternative Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Itraconazole]] 400 mg IV  q12h '''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Posaconazole]] 200-400 mg q6-12h'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
-|}
-==Protozoa Brain Abscess==
-{|
-|-
-| valign=top |
-{| style="margin: 0 0 0em 0em; border: 1px solid #696969; float: left; width:39em" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0";
-! style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #F8F8FF" align=center | ''{{fontcolor|#6C7B8B|[[Toxoplasma gondii]]}}''
-|-
-! style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 80%; background: #F5F5F5" align=left | ''Preferred Regimen''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Pyrimethamine]] 25-75 mg IV qd'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | ''PLUS''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Sulfadiazine]] 1-1.5 g PO q6h
-|-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 90%; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center |'''''Alternative Regimen'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Pyrimethamine]] 25-75 mg IV qd'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Pyrimethamine]] 25-75 mg IV qd'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | OR
-|-
-| style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole]] 10-20 mg/kg PO q6-12h'''''
-|-
-| style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | OR
-|-
-| style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | ▸ '''''[[Pyrimethamine]] 25-75 mg IV qd'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Azithromycin]] 1200-1500 mg IV qd'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Clarithromycin]]'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Atovaquone]] 750 mg PO q6h'''''<BR>''OR''<BR>▸ '''''[[Dapsone]] 100 mg PO qd'''''
-|-
-|}
-|}
 ==References==
-{{Reflist|2}}
+{{reflist|2}}
 [[Category:Disease]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
 [[Category:Neurology]]
+[[Category:Neurosurgery]]
+[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
 [[Category:Infectious disease]]
-[[Category:Neurosurgery]]
-[[Category:Needs overview]]
-{{WH}}
-{{WS}}