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Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is an autoimmune retinal degenerative disease caused by serum autoantibodies cross reacting against the retinal, and retinal like antigens.   
Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is an autoimmune retinal degenerative disease caused by serum autoantibodies cross reacting against the retinal, and retinal like antigens.   


There are a significant number of anti-retinal antibodies that are associated with AIR, these include antibodies to Anti-recoverin, anti-alpha-enolase, anti-transducin, anti-CAII, anti-arrestin, anti-rhodopsin, anti-Muller glial cells, anti-mitofilin, anti-tintin, anti-COX.  However, seronegative disease is also common.  AIR has been observed in patients with a history of autoimmune diseases and neoplastic diseases i.e melanoma.  
There are a significant number of anti-retinal antibodies that are associated with AIR, these include antibodies to anti-[[recoverin]], anti-alpha-[[enolase]], anti-[[transducin]], anti-CAII, anti-arrestin, anti-rhodopsin, anti-Muller glial cells, anti-mitofilin, anti-tintin, anti-COX.  However, seronegative disease is also common.  AIR has been observed in patients with a history of autoimmune diseases and neoplastic diseases i.e melanoma.  


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==


*Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is an autoimmune retinal degenerative disease caused by serum autoantibodies cross reacting against the retinal, and retinal like antigens. <ref name="pmid32823399">{{cite journal| author=Dutta Majumder P, Marchese A, Pichi F, Garg I, Agarwal A| title=An update on autoimmune retinopathy. | journal=Indian J Ophthalmol | year= 2020 | volume= 68 | issue= 9 | pages= 1829-1837 | pmid=32823399 | doi=10.4103/ijo.IJO_786_20 | pmc=7690499 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32823399  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid26847311">{{cite journal| author=Choi EY, Kim M, Adamus G, Koh HJ, Lee SC| title=Non-Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Retinopathy: The First Case Report in Korea. | journal=Yonsei Med J | year= 2016 | volume= 57 | issue= 2 | pages= 527-31 | pmid=26847311 | doi=10.3349/ymj.2016.57.2.527 | pmc=4740551 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26847311  }} </ref>
*Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is an autoimmune retinal degenerative disease caused by serum autoantibodies cross reacting against the retinal, and retinal like antigens. <ref name="pmid32823399">{{cite journal| author=Dutta Majumder P, Marchese A, Pichi F, Garg I, Agarwal A| title=An update on autoimmune retinopathy. | journal=Indian J Ophthalmol | year= 2020 | volume= 68 | issue= 9 | pages= 1829-1837 | pmid=32823399 | doi=10.4103/ijo.IJO_786_20 | pmc=7690499 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32823399  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid26847311">{{cite journal| author=Choi EY, Kim M, Adamus G, Koh HJ, Lee SC| title=Non-Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Retinopathy: The First Case Report in Korea. | journal=Yonsei Med J | year= 2016 | volume= 57 | issue= 2 | pages= 527-31 | pmid=26847311 | doi=10.3349/ymj.2016.57.2.527 | pmc=4740551 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26847311  }} </ref>
*There are a significant number of anti-retinal antibodies that are associated with AIR, these include antibodies to Anti-recoverin, anti-alpha-enolase, anti-transducin, anti-CAII, anti-arrestin, anti-rhodopsin, anti-Muller glial cells, anti-mitofilin, anti-tintin, anti-COX.  However, seronegative disease is also common. 
*There are a significant number of anti-retinal antibodies that are associated with AIR, these include antibodies to anti-[[recoverin]], anti-[[alpha-enolase]], [[Transducin|anti-transducin]], anti-CAII, anti-[[arrestin]], anti-rhodopsin, anti-Muller glial cells, anti-mitofilin, anti-tintin, anti-COX.  However, seronegative disease is also common. 
*Paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is triggered by molecular mimicry between tumor antigens and retinal proteins, and non-paraneoplastic AIR is triggered by cross reactivity between the viral or bacterial proteins and retinal proteins.
*Paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is triggered by molecular mimicry between tumor antigens and retinal proteins, and non-paraneoplastic AIR is triggered by cross reactivity between the viral or bacterial proteins and retinal proteins.
*Both recoverin and α-enolase cause apoptosis of the retinal cells by cellular internalization via cascade pathways and intracellular calcium influx.   
*Both [[recoverin]] and α-enolase cause [[apoptosis]] of the retinal cells by cellular internalization via cascade pathways and intracellular calcium influx.   
*AIR has been observed in patients with a history of autoimmune diseases and neoplastic diseases i.e melanoma. <ref name="pmid29340169">{{cite journal| author=Canamary AM, Takahashi WY, Sallum JMF| title=Autoimmune retinopathy: A Review. | journal=Int J Retina Vitreous | year= 2018 | volume= 4 | issue=  | pages= 1 | pmid=29340169 | doi=10.1186/s40942-017-0104-9 | pmc=5759752 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29340169  }} </ref>
*AIR has been observed in patients with a history of autoimmune diseases and neoplastic diseases i.e melanoma. <ref name="pmid29340169">{{cite journal| author=Canamary AM, Takahashi WY, Sallum JMF| title=Autoimmune retinopathy: A Review. | journal=Int J Retina Vitreous | year= 2018 | volume= 4 | issue=  | pages= 1 | pmid=29340169 | doi=10.1186/s40942-017-0104-9 | pmc=5759752 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29340169  }} </ref>



Latest revision as of 02:56, 18 July 2022

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: M. Hassan, M.B.B.S

Overview

Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is an autoimmune retinal degenerative disease caused by serum autoantibodies cross reacting against the retinal, and retinal like antigens.

There are a significant number of anti-retinal antibodies that are associated with AIR, these include antibodies to anti-recoverin, anti-alpha-enolase, anti-transducin, anti-CAII, anti-arrestin, anti-rhodopsin, anti-Muller glial cells, anti-mitofilin, anti-tintin, anti-COX.  However, seronegative disease is also common.  AIR has been observed in patients with a history of autoimmune diseases and neoplastic diseases i.e melanoma.

Pathophysiology

  • Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is an autoimmune retinal degenerative disease caused by serum autoantibodies cross reacting against the retinal, and retinal like antigens. [1] [2]
  • There are a significant number of anti-retinal antibodies that are associated with AIR, these include antibodies to anti-recoverin, anti-alpha-enolase, anti-transducin, anti-CAII, anti-arrestin, anti-rhodopsin, anti-Muller glial cells, anti-mitofilin, anti-tintin, anti-COX.  However, seronegative disease is also common. 
  • Paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is triggered by molecular mimicry between tumor antigens and retinal proteins, and non-paraneoplastic AIR is triggered by cross reactivity between the viral or bacterial proteins and retinal proteins.
  • Both recoverin and α-enolase cause apoptosis of the retinal cells by cellular internalization via cascade pathways and intracellular calcium influx.   
  • AIR has been observed in patients with a history of autoimmune diseases and neoplastic diseases i.e melanoma. [3]
Type of Autoimmune retinopathy Antibody specificity
Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) Anti-recoverin, Anti-alpha-enolase, Anti-transducin, Anti-carbonic anhydrase II
Melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR) Anti-transducin, Anti-carbonic anhydrase II, Anti-arrestin, Anti-rhodopsin, Anti-Muller glial cells,

Anti-mitofilin (mitochondrial protein), Anti-tintin, Anti-COX (cytochrome c oxidase, assembly mitochondrial protein)

Non-paraneoplastic AIR (npAIR) Anti-alpha-enolase, Anti-transducin, Anti-carbonic anhydrase II

References

  1. Dutta Majumder P, Marchese A, Pichi F, Garg I, Agarwal A (2020). "An update on autoimmune retinopathy". Indian J Ophthalmol. 68 (9): 1829–1837. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_786_20. PMC 7690499 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32823399 Check |pmid= value (help).
  2. Choi EY, Kim M, Adamus G, Koh HJ, Lee SC (2016). "Non-Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Retinopathy: The First Case Report in Korea". Yonsei Med J. 57 (2): 527–31. doi:10.3349/ymj.2016.57.2.527. PMC 4740551. PMID 26847311.
  3. Canamary AM, Takahashi WY, Sallum JMF (2018). "Autoimmune retinopathy: A Review". Int J Retina Vitreous. 4: 1. doi:10.1186/s40942-017-0104-9. PMC 5759752. PMID 29340169.


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