Acute bronchitis overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]
Overview
Historical Perspective
Acute bronchitis was first described by Charles Badham in 1808 in England[1]. In 1821, Dr. Rene Laennec, known as the father of chest medicine described bronchitis in details[2] .
Pathophysiology
The causative agent, either viruses or bacteria transmitted via airways to the large and medium size airways tract and inoculate the epithelium that leads to inflammation, thickening, and increased mucus production in the airways[3].Epithelial-cell desquamation and denuding of the airway to the level of the basement membrane in association with the presence of a lymphocytic cellular infiltrate have been demonstrated on microscopic examination[3].
Causes
Common causes of acute bronchitis include viruses, Bacteria and environmental factors. Among them,influenza is the most common[4][5][6].
Differential Diagnosis of Acute Bronchitis
The Acute Bronchitis must be differentiated from other diseases that may cause cough, dyspnea and wheezing[7] including, Pneumonia[8], Asthma[9], Chronic bronchitis[10] and GERD[11][12].
Epidemiology
Acute bronchitis is the ninth most common illness among outpatient visits in the U.S. It's prevalence depends on season of the year, vaccination status and outbreaks during that particular year. It is common among young children and very old[13][5][14].
Risk factors
The main determining risk factors for acute bronchitis are age, season of the year and the immunization status[3][5][7].
Natural History
If left untreated it will usually resolve within 2 weeks but may last up to 2 months[3][15]. It's Prognosis is generally excellent and most of patients recover after 5-10 days[5]. Recurrent episodes of acute bronchitis in subsequent years occur in 20% of patients[7]
Diagnosis
- History and symptoms:
- 1. Bronchial irritation symptoms including: cough,hoarseness and phlegm production
References
- ↑ Klippe HJ, Kirsten D (2009). "[200 years of bronchitis--from 1808 to 2008]". Pneumologie (in German). 63 (4): 228–30. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1119572. PMID 19343614.
- ↑ terms(2016)https://lunginstitute.com/blog/history-of-chronic-bronchitis/accessed on September,13 2016
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Gonzales R, Sande MA (2000). "Uncomplicated acute bronchitis". Ann. Intern. Med. 133 (12): 981–91. PMID 11119400.
- ↑ Boldy DA, Skidmore SJ, Ayres JG (1990). "Acute bronchitis in the community: clinical features, infective factors, changes in pulmonary function and bronchial reactivity to histamine". Respir Med. 84 (5): 377–85. PMID 2174179.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Wenzel RP, Fowler AA (2006). "Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (20): 2125–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp061493. PMID 17108344.
- ↑ Jonsson JS, Sigurdsson JA, Kristinsson KG, Guthnadóttir M, Magnusson S (1997). "Acute bronchitis in adults. How close do we come to its aetiology in general practice?". Scand J Prim Health Care. 15 (3): 156–60. PMID 9323784.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Albert RH (2010). "Diagnosis and treatment of acute bronchitis". Am Fam Physician. 82 (11): 1345–50. PMID 21121518.
- ↑ Prina E, Ranzani OT, Torres A (2015). "Community-acquired pneumonia". Lancet. 386 (9998): 1097–108. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60733-4. PMID 26277247.
- ↑ Busse WW (2011). "Asthma diagnosis and treatment: filling in the information gaps". J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 128 (4): 740–50. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.08.014. PMID 21875745.
- ↑ Celli BR, MacNee W (2004). "Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper". Eur. Respir. J. 23 (6): 932–46. PMID 15219010.
- ↑ Singh A (2009). "Asthma in older adults". CMAJ. 181 (12): 929. doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-2049. PMC 2789137. PMID 19969583.
- ↑ Irwin RS, Baumann MH, Bolser DC, Boulet LP, Braman SS, Brightling CE, Brown KK, Canning BJ, Chang AB, Dicpinigaitis PV, Eccles R, Glomb WB, Goldstein LB, Graham LM, Hargreave FE, Kvale PA, Lewis SZ, McCool FD, McCrory DC, Prakash UB, Pratter MR, Rosen MJ, Schulman E, Shannon JJ, Smith Hammond C, Tarlo SM (2006). "Diagnosis and management of cough executive summary: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines". Chest. 129 (1 Suppl): 1S–23S. doi:10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.1S. PMC 3345522. PMID 16428686.
- ↑ Macfarlane J, Holmes W, Gard P, Macfarlane R, Rose D, Weston V, Leinonen M, Saikku P, Myint S (2001). "Prospective study of the incidence, aetiology and outcome of adult lower respiratory tract illness in the community". Thorax. 56 (2): 109–14. PMC 1746009. PMID 11209098.
- ↑ Ferri FF. Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2016, 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015.
- ↑ Landau LI (2006). "Acute and chronic cough". Paediatr Respir Rev. 7 Suppl 1: S64–7. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2006.04.172. PMID 16798599.