Acanthosis nigricans: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 16:56, 1 October 2015

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2], Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3], Jesus Rosario Hernandez, M.D. [4]

Overview

Acanthosis nigricans is a brown to black, poorly defined, velvety hyperpigmentation of the skin, usually present in the posterior and lateral folds of the neck, the axilla, groin, umbilicus, and other areas. Acanthosis nigricans generally occurs due to insulin spillover (from excessive production due to obesity or insulin resistance) onto the skin which results in abnormal skin growth The most common cause of acanthosis nigricans is insulin resistance, usually from type 2 diabetes mellitus.Involvement of mucous membranes is rare and suggests a coexisting malignant condition.^[1]

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
Chemical / poisoning	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor disorders, melanoma, Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome, hyperpigmentation, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
Drug Side Effect	Glucocorticoids, growth hormone therapy, insulin , niacin , oral contraceptives, protease inhibitors
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Acromegaly, Donohue syndrome, prediabetes, hypothyroidism, Addison's disease, hyperandrogenism, Bangstad syndrome, Cushing's disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance with acanthosis nigricans type A, familial partial lipodystrophy type 2, hyperthyroidism, insulin receptor defect, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor disorders, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Colon cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
Genetic	Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans, crouzonodermoskeletal syndrome, familial, FGFR3 mutation, severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans, Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome, Donohue syndrome, Bangstad syndrome, familial partial lipodystrophy type 2, Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor disorders, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Acromegaly, Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans, crouzonodermoskeletal syndrome, severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans, Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome, Donohue syndrome, Bangstad syndrome, familial partial lipodystrophy type 2, Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
Neurologic	Hyperglycemia, severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans, Bangstad syndrome, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
Nutritional / Metabolic	Obesity, metabolic syndrome, hyperglycemia, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor disorders, Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome, Bangstad syndrome, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Ovarian cancer, ovarian cyst, uterine cancer, breast cancer, hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovary syndrome
Oncologic	Breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, melanoma, colon cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Lung cancer
Renal / Electrolyte	Addison's disease, Cushing's disease, hyperglycemia, hyperandrogenism
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	No underlying causes
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	Prostate cancer
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

2

Diagnosis

Physicians can usually diagnose acanthosis nigricans by simply looking at a patient's skin. A skin biopsy may be needed in unusual cases. If no clear cause of acanthosis nigricans is obvious, it may be necessary to search for one. Blood tests, an endoscopy, or x-rays may be required to eliminate the possibility of diabetes or cancer as the cause.

Physical Examination

Skin

Neck

Acanthosis nigricans. With permission from Dermatology Atlas.^[2]
Acanthosis nigricans. With permission from Dermatology Atlas.^[2]
Acanthosis nigricans. With permission from Dermatology Atlas.^[2]
Acanthosis nigricans. With permission from Dermatology Atlas.^[2]
Acanthosis nigricans. With permission from Dermatology Atlas.^[2]
Acanthosis nigricans. With permission from Dermatology Atlas.^[2]
Acanthosis nigricans. With permission from Dermatology Atlas.^[2]
Acanthosis nigricans. With permission from Dermatology Atlas.^[2]

Axillae

Acanthosis nigricans. With permission from Dermatology Atlas.^[2]
Acanthosis nigricans. With permission from Dermatology Atlas.^[2]
Acanthosis nigricans. With permission from Dermatology Atlas.^[2]

Pseudoacanthosis Nigricans

Neck

Pseudo-acanthosis nigricans. With permission from Dermatology Atlas.^[2]
Pseudo-acanthosis nigricans. With permission from Dermatology Atlas.^[2]
Pseudo-acanthosis nigricans. With permission from Dermatology Atlas.^[2]
Pseudo-acanthosis nigricans. With permission from Dermatology Atlas.^[2]
Pseudo-acanthosis nigricans. With permission from Dermatology Atlas.^[2]

Treatment

People with acanthosis nigricans should be screened for diabetes and, although rare, cancer. Controlling blood glucose levels through exercise and diet often improves symptoms.

Prognosis

Acanthosis nigricans often fades if the underlying cause can be determined and treated appropriately.

References

↑ Schnopp C, Baumstark J (2007). "Oral acanthosis nigricans". N Engl J Med. 357 (9): e10. PMID 17761587.
↑ ^2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 ^2.15 "Dermatology Atlas".

External Links

Template:Paraneoplastic syndromes

[1] Schnopp C, Baumstark J (2007). "Oral acanthosis nigricans". N Engl J Med. 357 (9): e10. PMID 17761587.

[Dermatology_Atlas-2] 2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 ^2.15 "Dermatology Atlas".

[1]

[2]

v t e Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (integumentary system) (L, 680-709)
Infections	Template:Navbox subgroup
Bullous disorders	acantholysis (Pemphigus, Transient acantholytic dermatosis) · Pemphigoid (Bullous, Cicatricial, Gestational) · Dermatitis herpetiformis
Inflammatory	Template:Navbox subgroup
Radiation-related disorders	Sunburn · actinic rays (Actinic keratosis, Actinic cheilitis) · Polymorphous light eruption (Acne aestivalis) · Radiodermatitis · Erythema ab igne
Pigmentation disorder	hypopigmentation (Albinism, Vitiligo) · hyperpigmentation (Melasma, Freckle, Café au lait spot, Lentigo/Liver spot, Acanthosis nigricans, Acral acanthotic anomaly)
Other skin	keratosis/hyperkeratosis (Seborrheic keratosis, Callus) · other epidermal thickening (Ichthyosis acquisita, Palmoplantar keratoderma) skin ulcer (Pyoderma gangrenosum, Bedsore) Cutaneous Markers of Internal Malignancy (Florid cutaneous papillomatosis, acanthosis nigricans, sign of Leser-Trelat) atrophic (Lichen sclerosus, Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans) necrobiosis (Granuloma annulare, Necrobiosis lipoidica) · other granuloma (Granuloma faciale, Pyogenic granuloma) cutaneous vasculitis (Livedoid vasculitis, Erythema elevatum diutinum)
Connective tissues	collagen disease: Keloid localized connective tissue disorders: Lupus erythematosus (Discoid lupus erythematosus, Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus) · Scleroderma/Morphea · Linear scleroderma · Calcinosis cutis · Sclerodactyly · Ainhum
see also congenital, neoplasia

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Infobox_Disease |
+__NOTOC__
-  Name           = {{PAGENAME}} |
-  Image          = Acanthosis Nigricans-A.jpg|
-  Caption        = Acanthosis nigricans|
-}}
 {{SI}}
-{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}
+{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{Ochuko}}, {{CZ}}, {{JH}}
 ==Overview==
-'''Acanthosis nigricans''' is a brown to black, poorly defined, velvety [[hyperpigmentation]] of the [[skin]], usually present in the posterior and lateral folds of the [[neck]], the [[axilla]], [[groin]], [[navel|umbilicus]], and other areas. Acanthosis nigricans generally occurs due to [[insulin]] spillover (from excessive production due to obesity or [[insulin resistance]]) onto the skin which results in abnormal skin growth
+Acanthosis nigricans is a brown to black, poorly defined, velvety [[hyperpigmentation]] of the [[skin]], usually present in the posterior and lateral folds of the [[neck]], the [[axilla]], [[groin]], [[navel|umbilicus]], and other areas. Acanthosis nigricans generally occurs due to [[insulin]] spillover (from excessive production due to obesity or [[insulin resistance]]) onto the skin which results in abnormal skin growth
 The most common cause of acanthosis nigricans is [[insulin resistance]], usually from type 2 [[diabetes mellitus]].Involvement of mucous membranes is rare and suggests a coexisting malignant condition.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Schnopp C, Baumstark J | title = Oral acanthosis nigricans. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 357 | issue = 9 | pages = e10 | year = 2007 | id = PMID 17761587}}</ref>
-== Causes ==
+==Causes==
+===Life Threatening Causes===
+Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
 ===Common Causes===
-*[[Insulin resistance]]
 *[[Diabetes mellitus]]
-*[[Obesity]]
 *[[Medication|Drug-induced]]
 *[[Gastric cancer]]
 *[[Idiopathic]]
+*[[Insulin resistance]]
+*[[Obesity]]
 *[[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
 ===Causes by Organ System===
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 {|style="width:75%; height:100px" border="1"
 |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |[[Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1]], [[Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2 ]]
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
 |-
@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Dermatologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor disorders]], [[Melanoma]], [[Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome]], [[Hyperpigmentation]], [[Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1]], [[Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2 ]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"|Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor disorders, [[melanoma]], Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome, [[hyperpigmentation]], congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Glucocorticoids]], [[Growth hormone therapy]], [[Insulin ]], [[Niacin ]], [[Oral contraceptives]], [[Protease inhibitors]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Glucocorticoids]], growth hormone therapy, [[insulin ]], [[niacin ]], [[oral contraceptives]], [[protease inhibitors]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Endocrine'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acromegaly]], [[Donohue syndrome]], [[Prediabetes]], [[Hypothyroidism]], [[Addison's disease]], [[Hyperandrogenism]], [[Bangstad syndrome]], [[Cushing's disease]], [[Diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[Diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance with acanthosis nigricans type A]], [[Familial partial lipodystrophy type 2]], [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[Insulin receptor defect]], [[Metabolic syndrome]], [[Polycystic Ovary Syndrome]], [[Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome]], [[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor disorders]], [[Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1]], [[Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2 ]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acromegaly]], [[Donohue syndrome]], [[prediabetes]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[Addison's disease]], [[hyperandrogenism]], [[Bangstad syndrome]], [[Cushing's disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance with acanthosis nigricans type A, familial partial lipodystrophy type 2, [[hyperthyroidism]], insulin receptor defect, [[metabolic syndrome]], [[polycystic ovary syndrome]], [[Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome]], peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor disorders, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 54: / Line 54: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Colon cancer]], [[Liver cancer]], [[Stomach cancer]], [[Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1]], [[Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2 ]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Colon cancer]], [[liver cancer]], [[stomach cancer]], congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans]], [[Crouzonodermoskeletal syndrome]], [[Familial]], [[FGFR3  mutation]], [[Severe Achondroplasia with Developmental Delay and Acanthosis Nigricans]], [[Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome]], [[Donohue syndrome]], [[Bangstad syndrome]], [[Familial partial lipodystrophy type 2]], [[Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome]], [[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor disorders]], [[Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1]], [[Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2 ]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans]], [[crouzonodermoskeletal syndrome]], [[familial]], FGFR3  mutation, severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans, Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome, [[Donohue syndrome]], [[Bangstad syndrome]], familial partial lipodystrophy type 2, [[Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome]], peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor disorders, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
 |-
@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acromegaly]], [[Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans]], [[Crouzonodermoskeletal syndrome]], [[Severe Achondroplasia with Developmental Delay and Acanthosis Nigricans]], [[Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome]], [[Donohue syndrome]], [[Bangstad syndrome]], [[Familial partial lipodystrophy type 2]], [[Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome]], [[Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1]], [[Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2 ]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acromegaly]], [[Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans]], [[crouzonodermoskeletal syndrome]], severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans, Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome, [[Donohue syndrome]], [[Bangstad syndrome]], familial partial lipodystrophy type 2, [[Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome]], congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Neurologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hyperglycemia]], [[Severe Achondroplasia with Developmental Delay and Acanthosis Nigricans]], [[Bangstad syndrome]], [[Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2 ]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hyperglycemia]], severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans, [[Bangstad syndrome]], congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Obesity]], [[Metabolic syndrome]], [[Hyperglycemia]], [[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor disorders]], [[Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome]], [[Bangstad syndrome]], [[Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Obesity]], [[metabolic syndrome]], [[hyperglycemia]], peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor disorders, [[Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome]], [[Bangstad syndrome]], congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1, congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ovarian cancer]], [[Ovarian cyst]], [[Uterine cancer]], [[Breast cancer]], [[Hyperandrogenism]], [[Polycystic Ovary Syndrome]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ovarian cancer]], [[ovarian cyst]], [[uterine cancer]], [[breast cancer]], [[hyperandrogenism]], [[polycystic ovary syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Oncologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Breast cancer]], [[Lung  cancer]], [[Prostate cancer]], [[Melanoma]], [[Colon cancer]], [[Liver cancer]], [[Stomach cancer]], [[Ovarian cancer]], [[Uterine cancer]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Breast cancer]], [[lung  cancer]], [[prostate cancer]], [[melanoma]], [[colon cancer]], [[liver cancer]], [[stomach cancer]], [[ovarian cancer]], [[uterine cancer]]
 |-
@@ Line 116: / Line 116: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Addison's disease]], [[Cushing's disease]], [[Hyperglycemia]], [[Hyperandrogenism]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Addison's disease]], [[Cushing's disease]], [[hyperglycemia]], [[hyperandrogenism]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 141: / Line 141: @@
 ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
-{{MultiCol}}
+{{columns-list|2|
 *[[Acromegaly]]
 *[[Addison's disease]]
@@ Line 165: / Line 164: @@
 *[[Hyperglycemia]]
 *[[Hyperpigmentation]]
-{{ColBreak}}
 *[[Hyperthyroidism]]
 *[[Hypothyroidism]]
@@ Line 185: / Line 183: @@
 *[[Protease inhibitors]]
 *[[Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome]]
-*Severe Achondroplasia with Developmental Delay and Acanthosis Nigricans
+*[[Severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans]]
 *[[Stomach cancer]]
 *[[Uterine cancer]]
-{{EndMultiCol}}
+}}
-===Signs and Tests===
+==Diagnosis==
 Physicians can usually diagnose acanthosis nigricans by simply looking at a patient's skin. A skin biopsy may be needed in unusual cases. If no clear cause of acanthosis nigricans is obvious, it may be necessary to search for one. Blood tests, an [[endoscopy]], or [[x-ray]]s may be required to eliminate the possibility of [[diabetes]] or [[cancer]] as the cause.
 ===Physical Examination===
 ====Skin====
-[[Image:acanthosis_nigricans.jpg|thumb|left|Acanthosis nigricans<ref>http://picasaweb.google.com/mcmumbi/USMLEIIImages</ref>]]
+=====Neck=====
-<br clear="left"/>
+<gallery>
+Image:Acanthosis_nigricans_benign_01.jpeg|Acanthosis nigricans.  <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
+Image:Acanthosis_nigricans_benign_02.jpeg|Acanthosis nigricans.  <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
+Image:Acanthosis_nigricans_benign_03.jpeg|Acanthosis nigricans.  <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
+Image:Acanthosis_nigricans_benign_06.jpeg|Acanthosis nigricans.  <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
+Image:Acanthosis_nigricans_benign_07.jpeg|Acanthosis nigricans.  <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
+Image:Acanthosis_nigricans_benign_08.jpeg|Acanthosis nigricans.  <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
+Image:Acanthosis_nigricans_benign_09.jpeg|Acanthosis nigricans.  <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
+Image:Acanthosis_nigricans_benign_10.jpeg|Acanthosis nigricans.  <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
+</gallery>
+=====Axillae=====
+<gallery>
+Image:Acanthosis_nigricans_benign_04.jpeg|Acanthosis nigricans.  <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
+Image:Acanthosis_nigricans_benign_05.jpeg|Acanthosis nigricans.  <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
+Image:Acanthosis_nigricans_benign_11.jpeg|Acanthosis nigricans.  <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
+</gallery>
+====Pseudoacanthosis Nigricans====
+=====Neck=====
+<gallery>
+Image:Pseudo acanthosis nigricans01.jpg|Pseudo-acanthosis nigricans. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
+Image:Pseudo acanthosis nigricans02.jpg|Pseudo-acanthosis nigricans. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
+Image:Pseudo acanthosis nigricans03.jpg|Pseudo-acanthosis nigricans. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
+Image:Pseudo acanthosis nigricans04.jpg|Pseudo-acanthosis nigricans. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
+Image:Pseudo acanthosis nigricans05.jpg|Pseudo-acanthosis nigricans. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  With permission from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite web | title = Dermatology Atlas | url = http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
+</gallery>
 ==Treatment==
@@ Line 206: / Line 265: @@
 ==References==
-{{Reflist}}
+{{Reflist|2}}
-==Related links==
+==External Links==
-* [http://tray.dermatology.uiowa.edu/AcanNigr01.htm Photo - neck]
 * [http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/acanthosis_nigrica.html AOCD]
 * {{Chorus|00001}}
 {{Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue}}
 {{Paraneoplastic syndromes}}
-[[de:Akanthose]]
-[[es:Acantosis nigricans]]
-[[fr:Acanthosis nigricans]]
-[[nl:Acanthosis nigricans]]
-[[pt:Acantose nigricans]]
-[[pl:Acanthosis nigricans]]
 [[Category:Dermatology]]
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 [[Category:Medical conditions related to obesity]]
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Acanthosis nigricans: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 16:56, 1 October 2015

Overview

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Diagnosis

Physical Examination

Skin

Neck

Axillae

Pseudoacanthosis Nigricans

Neck

Treatment

Prognosis

References

External Links

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