Sandbox:Sahar

Disease name	Age of onset	Signs/Symptoms	X-ray findings	MRI findings	dfljdsslgdjf
NOMID/CINCA	Early infancy	Parietal and frontal bossing Joint pain Knee valgus or varus Limb length differences Saddleback nose Contractures Urticaria-like rash Fever Chronic aseptic meningitis	Late radiograph: stippled ossification/calcification causing deformed adjacent epiphysis Possible involvement of multiple joints simultaneously or at different times	Enlarged, heterogenous physis with hypointense calcifications on T1 & T2 weighted images Heterogenous enhancement at the physis in post-gadolinium images Presence of popliteal lymph node Absence of bony erosion	svdnjkajvnamd
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA)	Younger than 16 years old	Fever Arthritis Rash Lymphadenopathy Hepatosplenomegaly	Involvement of the articular surface of the joints Initially, soft tissue swelling and enlarged epiphyseal enlargement due to hyperemia As the disease progresses, joint space narrowing and bony erosion are the dominant features	First, joint effusion, cartilage thinning and loss Later, joint erosion and evidence of secondary osteoarthritis Potential complications such as avascular necrosis	abcdefg
Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO)	Childhood and adolescence	Episodes of pain and joint swelling Fever may be present or not may occur as part of a syndrome or alone	Multiple symmetrical metaphyseal lesions Lesions ranges between purely osteolytic, osteolytic with a sclerotic rim, mixed lytic and sclerotic, and purely sclerotic	Early phases: marrow edema with hypointense appearance on T1-weighted images Hyperintense on T2-weighted images Synovial thickening Joint effusion Destruction of joint cartilage Subchondral bone
Rickets	Childhood (depends on the severity of deficiency)	Delay in fontanel closure Parietal and frontal bossing Rachitic rosary Harrison sulcus (or groove) Widening of the wrist Bowing of the distal radius and ulna Progressive lateral bowing of long bones	Widening, cupping and fraying of the metaphysis Irregular and widened epiphyseal plate Periosteal reaction	High signal intensity of unossified cartilage in the physis of the primary and secondary ossification centers No mass lesion or ossification in the physis

Disease name	Age of onset	Gender preponderance	Signs/Symptoms	Imaging Feature(s)	Macroscopic feature(s)	Microscopic feature(s)	Laboratory Feature(s)	Other Feature(s)	Microscopic appearance
Papillary Thyroid Cancer	More common in middle aged (30-50 years of age)	More commonly affects women	Asymptomatic thyroid mass or nodule Compressive symptoms such as: Difficulty swallowing/breathing Persistent cough Stridor Vocal chord paralysis Rapid enlarging mass	Ultrasound: solitary mass with an irregular outline, in the subcapsular region and with high vascularity Imaging features are not characteristic for this cancer	Solitary hypoechogenic nodule with lobulated margin which may extend into adjacent tissues Calcification may be present or not	Empty-appearing nuclei with central clearing (Orphan Annie eye) Psammoma bodies	Thyroid function test may be normal Thyroglobulin may be used as a tumor marker	History of radiation in head and neck BRAF and/or RET mutation may be present Most common type of thyroid cancer	Source:Wikimedia commons
Follicular Thyroid Cancer	Peak incidence is 40-60 years of age	More commonly affects women	Asymptomatic thyroid mass or nodule Compressive symptoms such as: Difficulty swallowing/breathing Persistent cough Stridor Vocal chord paralysis Rapid enlarging mass	Ultrasound: solid ypoechoic nodule with a peripheral halo indicating fibrous capsule Irregular margin Imaging features are not characteristic for this cancer	Single encapsulated nodule, Thick and irregular capsule May have cystic or hemorrhage	Invades thyroid capsule and vasculature Uniform follicles	Thyroid function test may be normal Serum thyroglobulin may be used as a tumor marker	RAS mutation may be present PAX8-PPAR-γ translocations	Source:Wikimedia common
Medullary Thyroid Cancer	Incidence increases with age More common in 3rd to 4th decades of life	Both genders affected equally	Solitary thyroid nodule Mostly affects upper lobe of thyroid gland Possible systemic symptoms due to hormonal secretion by the tumor Cervical lymphadenopathy	Ultrasound: solitary hypoechoic nodule with or without calcification Imaging features are not characteristic for this cancer	Single nonencapsulated mass Gray-tan color	Sheets of cells in an amyloid stroma	Secretes calcitonin Normal thyroid function test Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) may be used as a tumor marker Rarely negative for calcitonin	May be part of MEN 2A and 2B syndrome May be associated with RET mutation	Source:Wikimedia common
Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer	More common among older individuals Mean age at diagnosis is 65 years	More commonly affects women	Rapidly enlarging thyroid mass May manifest with compressive symptoms May present with signs/symptoms of metastasis Constitutional symptoms may be present Hard nodular goiter w/out tenderness	Imaging features are not characteristic for this cancer	Solid tumor with areas of necrosis and hemorrhage Infiltrative pattern	Undifferentiated, devastatingly aggressive variant of Papillary/Follicular thyroid cancer	Normal thyroid function test	Poor prognosis May be associated with TP53 mutation	Source:Wikimedia common
Thyroid Adenoma	More commonly affects individuals older than 50 years of age	More commonly affects women	Asymptomatic or symptoms of hyperthyroidism	Solitary nodule which may show echogenicity or not	Solitary, spherical, and encapsulated lesion Well demarcated from the surrounding parenchyma	Uniform follicles Absence of capsular or vascular invasion	Functional adenoma: Elevated T3, T4 Decreased TSH	May be considered functional or hot May be considered non-functional or cold	Source:Wikimedia common
Multinodular Goiter	Commonly affects individuals older than 60 years of age	More commonly affects women	Thyroid enlargement Signs/symptoms of hypo/hyperthyroidism	Multiple nodules with different echogenicity Calcification may be present	Multiple thyroid nodules	Variable sized follicles Some may show papillary projections without nuclear characteristics of papillary thyroid cancer	Classified as toxic and non-toxic Toxic => hyperthyroidism Non-toxic => Normal thyroid function test	Benign condition	Source:pathology outline, case courtesy of Dr. Swati Satturwar