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{{SK}}<nowiki/>''Parkinson's'' disease ''management, Parkinson's disease workup, Parkinson's disease approach, approach to Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease treatment''
{{SK}}<nowiki/>''Parkinson's'' disease ''management, Parkinson's disease workup, Parkinson's disease approach, approach to Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease treatment''
==Overview==
==Overview==
'''Parkinson's disease''' is a degenerative movement disorder of the [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Central_nervous_system central nervous system].  It is characterized by motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor, but also cognitive and comunicative symptoms such as facial masking and dysarthria. These primary symptoms are the results of decreased stimulation of the motor cortex by the basal ganglia, normally caused by the insufficient formation and action of [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Dopamine dopamine]. Diagnosis is mainly clinical. The mainstay of therapy for motor symptoms of Parkinson disease are: Levodopa, dopamine agonists, monoamine oxidase (MAO) B inhibitors, anticholinergic agents, amantadine, catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors, estrogen and other drugs such as Exenatide, uric acid, isradipine, nilotinib and GDNF infusion. Other therapies will depend on comorbidities.
'''[[Parkinson's disease]]''' is a [[degenerative]] [[movement disorder]] of the [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Central_nervous_system central nervous system].  It is characterized by [[Motor disorders|motor]] [[symptoms]] such as [[bradykinesia]], rigidity, and [[tremor]], but also [[cognitive]] and comunicative [[symptoms]] such as [[facial]] masking and [[dysarthria]]. These primary [[symptoms]] are the results of decreased stimulation of the [[motor cortex]] by the [[basal ganglia]], normally caused by the insufficient formation and action of [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Dopamine dopamine]. [[Diagnosis]] is mainly clinical, it may be supported by [[MRI]] findings and dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography (DaT SPECT), but definitive [[diagnosis]] is made by [[autopsy]]. The mainstay of [[therapy]] for [[Motor disorders|motor]] [[symptoms]] of [[Parkinson disease]] are: [[Levodopa]], [[dopamine agonists]], [[Monoamine oxidase B|monoamine oxidase (MAO) B]] inhibitors, [[Anticholinergic drug|anticholinergic agents]], [[amantadine]], [[Catechol-O-methyl transferase|catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT)]] inhibitors, [[estrogen]] and other [[drugs]] such as [[Exenatide]], [[uric acid]], [[isradipine]], [[nilotinib]] and [[GDNF]] infusion. Other therapies will depend on [[comorbidities]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent [[disability]] within 24 hours if left untreated.


*[[Life threatening cause 1]]
* [[Parkinson's disease]] is not a life-threatening condition that may result in death or permanent [[disability]] within 24 hours if left untreated.
*[[Life threatening cause 2]]
*[[Life threatening cause 3]]


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===


*[[Common cause 1]]
*The cause of [[Parkinson's disease]] is a [[dopamine]] depletion due to a [[necrosis]] of [[Dopaminergic neuron|dopaminergic neurons]] in the [[substantia nigra]].
*[[Common cause 2]]
*Factors that may contribute to the developement of [[Parkinson's disease]] are:
*[[Common cause 3]]
**Low [[norepinephrine]] levels
*[[Common cause 4]]
**The presence of [[Lewy bodies]]
*[[Common cause 5]]
**Autoimmune factors


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==

Revision as of 22:27, 26 January 2021


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fahimeh Shojaei, M.D., Moises Romo, M.D.

Synonyms and keywords:Parkinson's disease management, Parkinson's disease workup, Parkinson's disease approach, approach to Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease treatment

Overview

Parkinson's disease is a degenerative movement disorder of the central nervous system. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor, but also cognitive and comunicative symptoms such as facial masking and dysarthria. These primary symptoms are the results of decreased stimulation of the motor cortex by the basal ganglia, normally caused by the insufficient formation and action of dopamine. Diagnosis is mainly clinical, it may be supported by MRI findings and dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography (DaT SPECT), but definitive diagnosis is made by autopsy. The mainstay of therapy for motor symptoms of Parkinson disease are: Levodopa, dopamine agonists, monoamine oxidase (MAO) B inhibitors, anticholinergic agents, amantadine, catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors, estrogen and other drugs such as Exenatide, uric acid, isradipine, nilotinib and GDNF infusion. Other therapies will depend on comorbidities.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Diagnosis

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of Gait disturbance according to the American Academy of Neurology guidelines:[1]

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gait disturbance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
When?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Always with movement (may vary in severity)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Intermittently during movement (may vary in severity and frequency)
 
 
 
Continuous and intermittent disturbances are present at least once
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Continuous
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Episodic
 
 
 
Mixed
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Transient inability to create effective stepping?
 
Unintentional increase in speed, usually with small steps?
 
Transient imbalance?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Freezing
 
Festination
 
Disequilibrium
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Disequilibrium and hypermetria of stance and gait?
 
Associated with increased postural tone?
 
Slow or small steps and/or slow or small postural?
 
Involuntary movements?
 
Associated with muscle weakness or paralysis?
 
Static or axial postural deformities?
 
Secondary to musculoskeletal or central pain?
 
Present at a higher level?
 
Difficult to classify the continuous nature of the gait disturbance?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ataxic
 
Spastic
 
Bradykinetic/hypokinetic
 
Dyskinetic/Choreic/Dystonic
 
Paretic
 
Trunkal disturbance
 
 Antalgic
 
Frontal disturbance
 
Undetermined
 


Treatment

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of [[disease name]] according the the [...] guidelines.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Do's

  • The content in this section is in bullet points.

Don'ts

  • The content in this section is in bullet points.

References

  1. Giladi N, Horak FB, Hausdorff JM (September 2013). "Classification of gait disturbances: distinguishing between continuous and episodic changes". Mov Disord. 28 (11): 1469–73. doi:10.1002/mds.25672. PMC 3859887. PMID 24132835.


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