Henoch-Schönlein purpura pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is an [[Immune-mediated disease|immune complex-mediated disease]] with circulating [[immune complexes]] and [[IgA|IgA rheumatoid factors]] usually follows [[Upper respiratory tract infection|upper respiratory tract infections]], various [[viruses]], and the [[bacteria]] have been implicated as triggers of the disease. | |||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
The pathophysiology of HSP:<ref name="pmid24424188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yang YH, Yu HH, Chiang BL |title=The diagnosis and classification of Henoch-Schönlein purpura: an updated review |journal=Autoimmun Rev |volume=13 |issue=4-5 |pages=355–8 |date=2014 |pmid=24424188 |doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.031 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24134307">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trnka P |title=Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children |journal=J Paediatr Child Health |volume=49 |issue=12 |pages=995–1003 |date=December 2013 |pmid=24134307 |doi=10.1111/jpc.12403 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23684700">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rigante D, Castellazzi L, Bosco A, Esposito S |title=Is there a crossroad between infections, genetics, and Henoch-Schönlein purpura? |journal=Autoimmun Rev |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=1016–21 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23684700 |doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2013.04.003 |url=}}</ref> | The pathophysiology of HSP:<ref name="pmid24424188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yang YH, Yu HH, Chiang BL |title=The diagnosis and classification of Henoch-Schönlein purpura: an updated review |journal=Autoimmun Rev |volume=13 |issue=4-5 |pages=355–8 |date=2014 |pmid=24424188 |doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.031 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24134307">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trnka P |title=Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children |journal=J Paediatr Child Health |volume=49 |issue=12 |pages=995–1003 |date=December 2013 |pmid=24134307 |doi=10.1111/jpc.12403 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23684700">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rigante D, Castellazzi L, Bosco A, Esposito S |title=Is there a crossroad between infections, genetics, and Henoch-Schönlein purpura? |journal=Autoimmun Rev |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=1016–21 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23684700 |doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2013.04.003 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*HSP is a small vessel leukocytoclastic vasculitis, but its pathophysiology is not completely understood. | *HSP is a small vessel [[leukocytoclastic vasculitis]], but its [[pathophysiology]] is not completely understood. | ||
*In patients with HSP the serum | *In patients with HSP the serum [[IgA]] levels are elevated, HSP is an [[immune complex]]-mediated disease with circulating [[immune complexes]] and IgA [[Rheumatoid factor|rheumatoid factors]] usually follows [[upper respiratory tract infections]], various viruses, and the [[bacteria]] have been implicated as triggers of the disease. | ||
*Patients with HSP have circulating | *Patients with HSP have circulating [[IgA]] [[Immune complexes|immune-complexes]], patients with HSPN have an additional large [[molecular]] mass [[IgA1]]-[[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]]-containing circulating [[immune complexes]]. | ||
*The | *The [[IgA]]1 [[molecule]] has a hinge region containing up to six O-linked [[glycan]] chains consisting of [[N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase|N-acetylgalactosamine]], usually with an attached β1,3-linked [[galactose]]. | ||
*It has been reported that in patients with HSP, the activity of β1,3-galactosyltransferase in peripheral B cells is reduced, leading to a lack of terminal β1,3-galactosyl residues in the hinge region of IgA1. | *It has been reported that in patients with HSP, the activity of [[Galactosyltransferase|β1,3-galactosyltransferase]] in [[B cells|peripheral B cells]] is reduced, leading to a lack of terminal β1,3-galactosyl residues in the hinge region of IgA1. | ||
*The primary defect leading to the production of such abnormally glycosylated IgA1 is probably heritable. | *The primary defect leading to the production of such abnormally [[glycosylated]] IgA1 is probably heritable. | ||
*These aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 molecules have been shown to form immune complexes with IgG antibodies specific for galactose-deficient IgA1, thereby inhibiting the binding of the IgA molecules to hepatic receptors and avoiding their internalization and degradation by hepatic cells. | *These aberrantly [[glycosylated]] IgA1 [[molecules]] have been shown to form [[immune complexes]] with [[IgG]] [[antibodies]] specific for [[galactose]]-deficient [[IgA1]], thereby inhibiting the binding of the IgA [[Molecule|molecules]] to [[hepatic]] receptors and avoiding their internalization and [[degradation]] by [[Liver|hepatic cells]]. | ||
*This formation results in an increased amount of IgA immune complexes in circulation. | *This formation results in an increased amount of IgA [[immune complexes]] in [[circulation]]. | ||
*The complexes may then deposit in renal mesangial areas and activate the complement system by the alternative or lectin pathways, which play a major role in the pathophysiology of this disease. | *The complexes may then deposit in [[renal]] [[Mesangial cell|mesangial]] areas and activate the [[complement system]] by the alternative or [[lectin]] pathways, which play a major role in the [[pathophysiology]] of this disease. | ||
*Further, after depositing in the mesangium, the galactose-deficient IgA1 immune complexes activate mesangial cells. | *Further, after depositing in the mesangium, the [[galactose]]-deficient IgA1 [[immune complexes]] activate [[Mesangial cell|mesangial]] [[cells]]. | ||
*This results in the proliferation of cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes and the production of inflammatory and profibrogenic cytokines and chemokines, which play a pivotal role in mesangial cell proliferation, matrix expansion, and inflammatory cell recruitment. | *This results in the [[proliferation]] of cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes and the production of [[inflammatory]] and profibrogenic [[Cytokine|cytokines]] and [[chemokines]], which play a pivotal role in [[Mesangial cell|mesangial]] cell [[proliferation]], [[matrix]] expansion, and [[inflammatory]] cell [[Recruitment status|recruitment]]. | ||
*'''''Other mechanisms for developing HSP''''' | *'''''Other mechanisms for developing HSP''''' | ||
**Nephritis-associated plasmin receptor, a group A streptococcal antigen, has been reported in some cases of HSP. | **[[Nephritis]]-associated [[plasmin]] [[receptor]], a [[Group A streptococcal infection|group A streptococcal antigen]], has been reported in some cases of HSP. | ||
**Activation of the eosinophils and expression of the alpha-smooth muscle actin in the kidney also play a vital role in the pathogenesis of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. | **Activation of the [[eosinophils]] and expression of the [[Smooth muscle|alpha-smooth muscle]] [[actin]] in the kidney also play a vital role in the [[pathogenesis]] of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. | ||
==Pathology== | |||
Biopsy: <ref name="pmid9366584">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jennette JC, Falk RJ |title=Small-vessel vasculitis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=337 |issue=21 |pages=1512–23 |date=November 1997 |pmid=9366584 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199711203372106 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25557596">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen JY, Mao JH |title=Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis in children: incidence, pathogenesis and management |journal=World J Pediatr |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=29–34 |date=February 2015 |pmid=25557596 |doi=10.1007/s12519-014-0534-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23842510">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kawasaki Y, Ono A, Ohara S, Suzuki Y, Suyama K, Suzuki J, Hosoya M |title=Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis in childhood: pathogenesis, prognostic factors and treatment |journal=Fukushima J Med Sci |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=15–26 |date=2013 |pmid=23842510 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
*'''Indications''' | |||
**No rash | |||
**[[Abnormal]] [[renal function tests]] | |||
'''Skin biopsy''' | |||
*Light Microscopy | |||
**[[IgA]] [[Deposition (physics)|deposition]] in postcapillary [[venules]] with [[IgA]] [[Deposition (chemistry)|deposition]] and [[leukocytoclastic vasculitis]] in is a [[pathognomonic]] microscopic feature of Henoch-Schönlein Purpura. | |||
**Skin lesions less than 24 hrs are preferred as the chronic lesion lack the [[immunoglobulin]] isotypes essential for the diagnosis of HSP. | |||
**A biopsy from a different skin site is taken for the [[immunofluorescent]] studies to confirm the [[diagnosis]]. | |||
'''Renal biopsy''' | |||
*[[IgA]] [[Deposition (physics)|deposition]] in the [[mesangium]] on [[immunofluorescence]] microscopy should be differentiated from the [[IgA]] [[nephropathy]]. | |||
*Light microscopic features range from isolated [[Mesangial cell|mesangial]] [[proliferation]] to severe [[Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis|crescentic glomerulonephritis]]. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 16:05, 5 February 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is an immune complex-mediated disease with circulating immune complexes and IgA rheumatoid factors usually follows upper respiratory tract infections, various viruses, and the bacteria have been implicated as triggers of the disease.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of HSP:[1][2][3]
- HSP is a small vessel leukocytoclastic vasculitis, but its pathophysiology is not completely understood.
- In patients with HSP the serum IgA levels are elevated, HSP is an immune complex-mediated disease with circulating immune complexes and IgA rheumatoid factors usually follows upper respiratory tract infections, various viruses, and the bacteria have been implicated as triggers of the disease.
- Patients with HSP have circulating IgA immune-complexes, patients with HSPN have an additional large molecular mass IgA1-IgG-containing circulating immune complexes.
- The IgA1 molecule has a hinge region containing up to six O-linked glycan chains consisting of N-acetylgalactosamine, usually with an attached β1,3-linked galactose.
- It has been reported that in patients with HSP, the activity of β1,3-galactosyltransferase in peripheral B cells is reduced, leading to a lack of terminal β1,3-galactosyl residues in the hinge region of IgA1.
- The primary defect leading to the production of such abnormally glycosylated IgA1 is probably heritable.
- These aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 molecules have been shown to form immune complexes with IgG antibodies specific for galactose-deficient IgA1, thereby inhibiting the binding of the IgA molecules to hepatic receptors and avoiding their internalization and degradation by hepatic cells.
- This formation results in an increased amount of IgA immune complexes in circulation.
- The complexes may then deposit in renal mesangial areas and activate the complement system by the alternative or lectin pathways, which play a major role in the pathophysiology of this disease.
- Further, after depositing in the mesangium, the galactose-deficient IgA1 immune complexes activate mesangial cells.
- This results in the proliferation of cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes and the production of inflammatory and profibrogenic cytokines and chemokines, which play a pivotal role in mesangial cell proliferation, matrix expansion, and inflammatory cell recruitment.
- Other mechanisms for developing HSP
- Nephritis-associated plasmin receptor, a group A streptococcal antigen, has been reported in some cases of HSP.
- Activation of the eosinophils and expression of the alpha-smooth muscle actin in the kidney also play a vital role in the pathogenesis of Henoch-Schönlein purpura.
Pathology
- Indications
- No rash
- Abnormal renal function tests
Skin biopsy
- Light Microscopy
- IgA deposition in postcapillary venules with IgA deposition and leukocytoclastic vasculitis in is a pathognomonic microscopic feature of Henoch-Schönlein Purpura.
- Skin lesions less than 24 hrs are preferred as the chronic lesion lack the immunoglobulin isotypes essential for the diagnosis of HSP.
- A biopsy from a different skin site is taken for the immunofluorescent studies to confirm the diagnosis.
Renal biopsy
- IgA deposition in the mesangium on immunofluorescence microscopy should be differentiated from the IgA nephropathy.
- Light microscopic features range from isolated mesangial proliferation to severe crescentic glomerulonephritis.
References
- ↑ Yang YH, Yu HH, Chiang BL (2014). "The diagnosis and classification of Henoch-Schönlein purpura: an updated review". Autoimmun Rev. 13 (4–5): 355–8. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.031. PMID 24424188.
- ↑ Trnka P (December 2013). "Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children". J Paediatr Child Health. 49 (12): 995–1003. doi:10.1111/jpc.12403. PMID 24134307.
- ↑ Rigante D, Castellazzi L, Bosco A, Esposito S (August 2013). "Is there a crossroad between infections, genetics, and Henoch-Schönlein purpura?". Autoimmun Rev. 12 (10): 1016–21. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2013.04.003. PMID 23684700.
- ↑ Jennette JC, Falk RJ (November 1997). "Small-vessel vasculitis". N. Engl. J. Med. 337 (21): 1512–23. doi:10.1056/NEJM199711203372106. PMID 9366584.
- ↑ Chen JY, Mao JH (February 2015). "Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis in children: incidence, pathogenesis and management". World J Pediatr. 11 (1): 29–34. doi:10.1007/s12519-014-0534-5. PMID 25557596.
- ↑ Kawasaki Y, Ono A, Ohara S, Suzuki Y, Suyama K, Suzuki J, Hosoya M (2013). "Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis in childhood: pathogenesis, prognostic factors and treatment". Fukushima J Med Sci. 59 (1): 15–26. PMID 23842510.