Swine influenza historical perspective
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Overview
Influenza virus was first discovered in humans during the 1918 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Due to concomitant infection in pigs during the outbreak, it is thought that the first influenza virus infection among humans is caused by swine influenza. In the USA, the first swine influenza (H1N1) outbreak was reported in 1930.[1] A new strain of H1N1, A/Veracruz/2009, emerged in 2009 and was responsible for the 2009 swine influenza pandemic among humans. Characteristically, the 2009 pandemic was not caused by a zoonotic influenza strain (i.e. no involvement of carrier pigs), and the transmission of the new H1N1 strain was human-to-human.
Historical Perspective
- Influenza virus was first discovered in humans during the 1918 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Due to concomitant infection in pigs during the outbreak, it is thought that the first influenza virus infection among humans is caused by swine influenza.[2][3][4]
- In the USA, the first swine influenza (H1N1) outbreak was reported in 1930.[1]
- It was not until 1970 in Taiwan that H3N2 was also discovered to be responsible for swine flu in humans.[5]
- In 1999 and 2005, outbreaks caused by the second-generation H1N2 swine influenza were reported in the USA.[6][7]
- A new strain of H1N1, A/Veracruz/2009, emerged in 2009 and was responsible for the 2009 swine influenza pandemic among humans. Characteristically, the 2009 pandemic was not caused by a zoonotic influenza strain (i.e. no involvement of carrier pigs), and the transmission of the new H1N1 strain was human-to-human.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y (1992). "Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses". Microbiol Rev. 56 (1): 152–79. PMC 372859. PMID 1579108.
- ↑ Komadina N, McVernon J, Hall R, Leder K (2014). "A historical perspective of influenza A(H1N2) virus". Emerg Infect Dis. 20 (1): 6–12. doi:10.3201/eid2001.121848. PMC 3884707. PMID 24377419.
- ↑ Myers KP, Olsen CW, Gray GC (2007). "Cases of swine influenza in humans: a review of the literature". Clin Infect Dis. 44 (8): 1084–8. doi:10.1086/512813. PMC 1973337. PMID 17366454.
- ↑ Taubenberger JK, Baltimore D, Doherty PC, Markel H, Morens DM, Webster RG; et al. (2012). "Reconstruction of the 1918 influenza virus: unexpected rewards from the past". MBio. 3 (5). doi:10.1128/mBio.00201-12. PMC 3448162. PMID 22967978.
- ↑ Kundin WD (1970). "Hong Kong A-2 influenza virus infection among swine during a human epidemic in Taiwan". Nature. 228 (5274): 857. PMID 5477012.
- ↑ Karasin AI, Olsen CW, Anderson GA (2000). "Genetic characterization of an H1N2 influenza virus isolated from a pig in Indiana". J Clin Microbiol. 38 (6): 2453–6. PMC 86843. PMID 10835031.
- ↑ Lorusso A, Vincent AL, Gramer ME, Lager KM, Ciacci-Zanella JR (2013). "Contemporary epidemiology of North American lineage triple reassortant influenza A viruses in pigs". Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 370: 113–32. doi:10.1007/82_2011_196. PMID 22266673.