Serum amyloid A

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Human Serum amyloid A1
Identifiers
Symbol	SAA1
Entrez	6288
HUGO	10513
OMIM	104750
RefSeq	NM_199161
UniProt	P02735
Other data
Locus	Chr. 11 p15.1

Human Serum amyloid A2
Identifiers
Symbol	SAA2
Entrez	6289
HUGO	10514
OMIM	104751
RefSeq	NM_030754
UniProt	P02735
Other data
Locus	Chr. 11 p15.1-p14

Human Serum amyloid A3, pseudogene
Identifiers
Symbol	SAA3P
Alt. Symbols	SAA3
Entrez	6290
HUGO	10515
UniProt	P22614
Other data
Locus	Chr. 11 p15.1-p14

Human Serum amyloid A4
Identifiers
Symbol	SAA4
Alt. Symbols	C-SAA
Entrez	6291
HUGO	10516
OMIM	104752
RefSeq	NM_006512
UniProt	P35542
Other data
Locus	Chr. 11 p15.1-p14

Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins are a family of apolipoproteins associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in plasma. Different isoforms of SAA are expressed constitutively (constitutive SAAs) at different levels or in response to inflammatory stimuli (acute phase SAAs). These proteins are predominantly produced by the liver.^[1] The conservation of these proteins throughout invertebrates and vertebrates suggests SAAs play a highly essential role in all animals.^[1]

Acute phase serum amyloid A proteins

Acute phase serum amyloid A proteins (A-SAAs) are secreted during the acute phase of inflammation. These proteins have several roles, including the transport of cholesterol to the liver for secretion into the bile, the recruitment of immune cells to inflammatory sites and the induction of enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix. A-SAAs are implicated in several chronic inflammatory diseases, such as amyloidosis, atherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.^[1] Three acute phase SAA isoforms have been reported in mice, called SAA1, SAA2 and SAA3. During inflammation, SAA1 and SAA2 are principally expressed and induced in the liver, while SAA3 is induced in many distinct tissues. SAA1 and SAA2 genes are regulated in liver cells by the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. Both SAA1 and SAA2 are induced up to a 1000-fold in mice under acute inflammatory conditions following exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS).^[1] Three A-SAA genes have also been identified in humans^[1], although the third gene, SAA3, is believed to represent a pseudogene that does not generate messenger RNA or protein.^[1]

Constitutive serum amyloid A proteins

A fourth SAA (SAA4) was identified in humans and is expressed constitutively in the liver thus is defined as a constitutive SAA (C-SAA).^[1] A similar protein has since been identified in the mouse that is now also called SAA4; it had originally been designated SAA5.^[1][1]

References

v • d • e Acute phase proteins
Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin - Alpha 1-antitrypsin - Alpha 2-macroglobulin - C-reactive protein - Ceruloplasmin - C3 - Fibrin - Haptoglobin - Haemopexin - Orosomucoid - Serum albumin (negative) - Amyloid (P, A) - Transferrin

sv:Serum amyloid A

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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content

Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .