Incidentaloma epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohammed Abdelwahed M.D[2]
Overview
The Prevalence of clinically inapparent adrenal masses (≥1 cm in diameter) in adults was estimated to be between 1 and 6%. The vast majority of adrenal incidentalomas are nonfunctioning benign tumors. The prevalence of adrenal incidentalomas increases with age especially in obese, diabetic, and hypertensive patients. There is no racial or gender predilection to adrenal incidentaloma.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence and Prevalence
- The incidence and prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma can only be assessed from imaging or autopsy studies.
- The prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma in adults was estimated to be between 1 and 6%, with a peak prevalence of (≤7%) reported in the 5th to 7th decades. .[1][2]
- The recent development in imaging and diagnostic modalities has been associated with an increase in the prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma.
- The vast majority of adrenal incidentalomas are nonfunctioning benign tumors; of which the nonfunctioning cortical adenomas are constituting about 75%.[3][4][5]
- The functional tumors represent about 14% of adrenal incidentalomas which may release cortisol, aldosterone, or both in rare occasions.
- Prevalence of pheochromocytoma is 4–7% of incidentalomas.[6]
- Prevalence of hyperaldosteronism is 1.1 to 10%.[7]
- The incidence of primary adrenal carcinoma or metastases in patients with adrenal incidentaloma is approximately 4%.[8]
- The risk of malignancy over time for masses defined as benign at diagnosis is estimated at about 1/1000, even though 5-25% of masses increase in size during follow-up.[9]
- Hyperfunction develops in about 1.7% of cases and the risk is higher in patients with lesions larger than 3 cm.[9]
- The prevalence is higher in obese, diabetic, and hypertensive patients.[10]
Age
- The prevalence of adrenal incidentalomas increases with age. It is less than 1% in patients younger than 30 yr of age and up to 7% in patients over age 70.[10][11]
- In childhood, adrenal incidentalomas are extremely rare.
- Adrenal incidentaloma is more common in older patients.
Race
- There is no racial predilection to adrenal incidentaloma.
Gender
- There is no gender predilection to adrenal incidentaloma.
References
- ↑ Dietrich CF, Correas JM, Dong Y, Nolsoe C, Westerway SC, Jenssen C (2020). "WFUMB position paper on the management incidental findings: adrenal incidentaloma". Ultrasonography. 39 (1): 11–21. doi:10.14366/usg.19029. PMC 6920619 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 31786909. - ↑ Sherlock M, Scarsbrook A, Abbas A, Fraser S, Limumpornpetch P, Dineen R; et al. (2020). "Adrenal Incidentaloma". Endocr Rev. 41 (6). doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaa008. PMC 7431180 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32266384 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Barzon L, Sonino N, Fallo F, Palu G, Boscaro M (2003). "Prevalence and natural history of adrenal incidentalomas". Eur J Endocrinol. 149 (4): 273–85. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1490273. PMID 14514341.
- ↑ Mantero F, Terzolo M, Arnaldi G, Osella G, Masini AM, Alì A; et al. (2000). "A survey on adrenal incidentaloma in Italy. Study Group on Adrenal Tumors of the Italian Society of Endocrinology". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85 (2): 637–44. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.2.6372. PMID 10690869.
- ↑ Lam KY, Lo CY (2002). "Metastatic tumours of the adrenal glands: a 30-year experience in a teaching hospital". Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 56 (1): 95–101. doi:10.1046/j.0300-0664.2001.01435.x. PMID 11849252.
- ↑ Mantero F, Masini AM, Opocher G, Giovagnetti M, Arnaldi G (1997). "Adrenal incidentaloma: an overview of hormonal data from the National Italian Study Group". Horm Res. 47 (4–6): 284–9. PMID 9167966.
- ↑ Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F, Murad MH, Reincke M, Shibata H; et al. (2016). "The Management of Primary Aldosteronism: Case Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 101 (5): 1889–916. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-4061. PMID 26934393.
- ↑ Fassnacht M, Arlt W, Bancos I, Dralle H, Newell-Price J, Sahdev A; et al. (2016). "Management of adrenal incidentalomas: European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors". Eur J Endocrinol. 175 (2): G1–G34. doi:10.1530/EJE-16-0467. PMID 27390021.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Barzon L, Sonino N, Fallo F, Palu G, Boscaro M (2003). "Prevalence and natural history of adrenal incidentalomas". Eur J Endocrinol. 149 (4): 273–85. PMID 14514341.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Grumbach MM, Biller BM, Braunstein GD, Campbell KK, Carney JA, Godley PA; et al. (2003). "Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass ("incidentaloma")". Ann Intern Med. 138 (5): 424–9. PMID 12614096.
- ↑ Mansmann G, Lau J, Balk E, Rothberg M, Miyachi Y, Bornstein SR (2004). "The clinically inapparent adrenal mass: update in diagnosis and management". Endocr Rev. 25 (2): 309–40. doi:10.1210/er.2002-0031. PMID 15082524.