Gastrointestinal varices epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Gastroesophageal varices are present in approximately 50,000 per 100,000 patients with cirrhosis, depending upon the clinical stage of the disease. The annual incidence of gastrointestinal varices ranges from a low of 7,000 per 100,000 individuals to a high of 8,000 per 100,000 individuals. Variceal hemorrhage occurs at a rate of around 10%-15% per year and depends on the severity of liver disease, size of varices, and presence of red wale marks (areas of thinning of the variceal wall).
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
- Gastroesophageal varices are present in approximately 50,000 per 100,000 patients with cirrhosis, depending upon the clinical stage of the disease[1]
- In patients with compensated cirrhosis, gastroesophageal varices are present in 30,000 - 40,000 patients per 100,000 patients, whereas they can be present in up to 85,000 per 100,000 patients with decompensated cirrhosis[2]
Incidence
- The annual incidence of gastrointestinal varices ranges from a low of 7,000 per 100,000 individuals to a high of 8,000 per 100,000 individuals[3]
- Progression from small varices to large varices occurs at a rate of 10%- 12% annually[4]
- Variceal hemorrhage occurs at a rate of around 10%-15% per year and depends on the severity of liver disease, size of varices, and presence of red wale marks (areas of thinning of the variceal wall)[5][6]
Age
- African Americans are significantly more likely to be older than Caucasians or Hispanics, when patients with cirrhosis are studied[7]
- White patients have equal proportions of cirrhotics in the younger and older age groups[8]
Race
- Hispanic and White patients were more likely to have cirrhosis due to alcohol than African American patients[9]
- The prevalence of HCV appears to be the greatest in African American patients, compared to all other ethnic groups in the United States[10]
References
- ↑ "Portal hypertension and variceal bleeding: An AASLD single topic symposium - Grace - 2003 - Hepatology - Wiley Online Library".
- ↑ Kovalak M, Lake J, Mattek N, Eisen G, Lieberman D, Zaman A (2007). "Endoscopic screening for varices in cirrhotic patients: data from a national endoscopic database". Gastrointest. Endosc. 65 (1): 82–8. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2006.08.023. PMID 17185084.
- ↑ Groszmann, Roberto J.; Garcia-Tsao, Guadalupe; Bosch, Jaime; Grace, Norman D.; Burroughs, Andrew K.; Planas, Ramon; Escorsell, Angels; Garcia-Pagan, Juan Carlos; Patch, David; Matloff, Daniel S.; Gao, Hong; Makuch, Robert (2005). "Beta-Blockers to Prevent Gastroesophageal Varices in Patients with Cirrhosis". New England Journal of Medicine. 353 (21): 2254–2261. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa044456. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ Merli M, Nicolini G, Angeloni S, Rinaldi V, De Santis A, Merkel C, Attili AF, Riggio O (2003). "Incidence and natural history of small esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients". J. Hepatol. 38 (3): 266–72. PMID 12586291.
- ↑ "Prediction of the first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices. A prospective multicenter study". N. Engl. J. Med. 319 (15): 983–9. 1988. doi:10.1056/NEJM198810133191505. PMID 3262200.
- ↑ D'Amico G, Pagliaro L, Bosch J (1999). "Pharmacological treatment of portal hypertension: an evidence-based approach". Semin. Liver Dis. 19 (4): 475–505. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1007133. PMID 10643630.
- ↑ Pearlman BL (2006). "Hepatitis C virus infection in African Americans". Clin. Infect. Dis. 42 (1): 82–91. doi:10.1086/498512. PMID 16323096.
- ↑ Sajja KC, Mohan DP, Rockey DC (2014). "Age and ethnicity in cirrhosis". J. Investig. Med. 62 (7): 920–6. doi:10.1097/JIM.0000000000000106. PMC 4172494. PMID 25203153.
- ↑ Sajja KC, Mohan DP, Rockey DC (2014). "Age and ethnicity in cirrhosis". J. Investig. Med. 62 (7): 920–6. doi:10.1097/JIM.0000000000000106. PMC 4172494. PMID 25203153.
- ↑ Pearlman BL (2006). "Hepatitis C virus infection in African Americans". Clin. Infect. Dis. 42 (1): 82–91. doi:10.1086/498512. PMID 16323096.